---
title: "Abstract class **Phalcon\\Db**"
version: "3.4"
---

> Documentation Index
> Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://docs.phalcon.io/llms.txt
> Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further.

# Abstract class **Phalcon\Db**

<a href="https://github.com/phalcon/cphalcon/tree/v3.4.0/phalcon/db.zep" class="btn btn-default btn-sm">Source on GitHub</a>

Phalcon\Db and its related classes provide a simple SQL database interface for Phalcon Framework.
The Phalcon\Db is the basic class you use to connect your PHP application to an RDBMS.
There is a different adapter class for each brand of RDBMS.

This component is intended to lower level database operations. If you want to interact with databases using
higher level of abstraction use Phalcon\Mvc\Model.

Phalcon\Db is an abstract class. You only can use it with a database adapter like Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo

```php
<?php

use Phalcon\Db;
use Phalcon\Db\Exception;
use Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo\Mysql as MysqlConnection;

try {
$connection = new MysqlConnection(
    [
        "host"     => "192.168.0.11",
        "username" => "sigma",
        "password" => "secret",
        "dbname"   => "blog",
        "port"     => "3306",
    ]
);

$result = $connection->query(
    "SELECT * FROM robots LIMIT 5"
);

$result->setFetchMode(Db::FETCH_NUM);

while ($robot = $result->fetch()) {
    print_r($robot);
}
} catch (Exception $e) {
echo $e->getMessage(), PHP_EOL;
}

```

## Constants
*integer* **FETCH_LAZY**

*integer* **FETCH_ASSOC**

*integer* **FETCH_NAMED**

*integer* **FETCH_NUM**

*integer* **FETCH_BOTH**

*integer* **FETCH_OBJ**

*integer* **FETCH_BOUND**

*integer* **FETCH_COLUMN**

*integer* **FETCH_CLASS**

*integer* **FETCH_INTO**

*integer* **FETCH_FUNC**

*integer* **FETCH_GROUP**

*integer* **FETCH_UNIQUE**

*integer* **FETCH_KEY_PAIR**

*integer* **FETCH_CLASSTYPE**

*integer* **FETCH_SERIALIZE**

*integer* **FETCH_PROPS_LATE**

## Methods
public static  **setup** (*array* $options)

Enables/disables options in the Database component

<hr />

# Abstract class **Phalcon\Db\Adapter**

*implements* [Phalcon\Db\AdapterInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/), [Phalcon\Events\EventsAwareInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_events/)

<a href="https://github.com/phalcon/cphalcon/tree/v3.4.0/phalcon/db/adapter.zep" class="btn btn-default btn-sm">Source on GitHub</a>

Base class for Phalcon\Db adapters

## Methods
public  **getDialectType** ()

Name of the dialect used

public  **getType** ()

Type of database system the adapter is used for

public  **getSqlVariables** ()

Active SQL bound parameter variables

public  **__construct** (*array* $descriptor)

Phalcon\Db\Adapter constructor

public  **setEventsManager** ([Phalcon\Events\ManagerInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_events/) $eventsManager)

Sets the event manager

public  **getEventsManager** ()

Returns the internal event manager

public  **setDialect** ([Phalcon\Db\DialectInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $dialect)

Sets the dialect used to produce the SQL

public  **getDialect** ()

Returns internal dialect instance

public  **fetchOne** (*mixed* $sqlQuery, [*mixed* $fetchMode], [*mixed* $bindParams], [*mixed* $bindTypes])

Returns the first row in a SQL query result

```php
<?php

// Getting first robot
$robot = $connection->fetchOne("SELECT * FROM robots");
print_r($robot);

// Getting first robot with associative indexes only
$robot = $connection->fetchOne("SELECT * FROM robots", \Phalcon\Db::FETCH_ASSOC);
print_r($robot);

```

public *array* **fetchAll** (*string* $sqlQuery, [*int* $fetchMode], [*array* $bindParams], [*array* $bindTypes])

Dumps the complete result of a query into an array

```php
<?php

// Getting all robots with associative indexes only
$robots = $connection->fetchAll(
"SELECT * FROM robots",
\Phalcon\Db::FETCH_ASSOC
);

foreach ($robots as $robot) {
print_r($robot);
}

 // Getting all robots that contains word "robot" withing the name
$robots = $connection->fetchAll(
"SELECT * FROM robots WHERE name LIKE :name",
\Phalcon\Db::FETCH_ASSOC,
[
    "name" => "%robot%",
]
);
foreach($robots as $robot) {
print_r($robot);
}

```

public *string* | ** **fetchColumn** (*string* $sqlQuery, [*array* $placeholders], [*int* | *string* $column])

Returns the n'th field of first row in a SQL query result

```php
<?php

// Getting count of robots
$robotsCount = $connection->fetchColumn("SELECT count(*) FROM robots");
print_r($robotsCount);

// Getting name of last edited robot
$robot = $connection->fetchColumn(
"SELECT id, name FROM robots order by modified desc",
1
);
print_r($robot);

```

public *boolean* **insert** (*string* | *array* $table, *array* $values, [*array* $fields], [*array* $dataTypes])

Inserts data into a table using custom RDBMS SQL syntax

```php
<?php

// Inserting a new robot
$success = $connection->insert(
"robots",
["Astro Boy", 1952],
["name", "year"]
);

// Next SQL sentence is sent to the database system
INSERT INTO `robots` (`name`, `year`) VALUES ("Astro boy", 1952);

```

public *boolean* **insertAsDict** (*string* $table, *array* $data, [*array* $dataTypes])

Inserts data into a table using custom RBDM SQL syntax

```php
<?php

// Inserting a new robot
$success = $connection->insertAsDict(
"robots",
[
    "name" => "Astro Boy",
    "year" => 1952,
]
);

// Next SQL sentence is sent to the database system
INSERT INTO `robots` (`name`, `year`) VALUES ("Astro boy", 1952);

```

public *boolean* **update** (*string* | *array* $table, *array* $fields, *array* $values, [*string* | *array* $whereCondition], [*array* $dataTypes])

Updates data on a table using custom RBDM SQL syntax

```php
<?php

// Updating existing robot
$success = $connection->update(
"robots",
["name"],
["New Astro Boy"],
"id = 101"
);

// Next SQL sentence is sent to the database system
UPDATE `robots` SET `name` = "Astro boy" WHERE id = 101

// Updating existing robot with array condition and $dataTypes
$success = $connection->update(
"robots",
["name"],
["New Astro Boy"],
[
    "conditions" => "id = ?",
    "bind"       => [$some_unsafe_id],
    "bindTypes"  => [PDO::PARAM_INT], // use only if you use $dataTypes param
],
[
    PDO::PARAM_STR
]
);

```
Warning! If $whereCondition is string it not escaped.

public *boolean* **updateAsDict** (*string* $table, *array* $data, [*string* $whereCondition], [*array* $dataTypes])

Updates data on a table using custom RBDM SQL syntax
Another, more convenient syntax

```php
<?php

// Updating existing robot
$success = $connection->updateAsDict(
"robots",
[
    "name" => "New Astro Boy",
],
"id = 101"
);

// Next SQL sentence is sent to the database system
UPDATE `robots` SET `name` = "Astro boy" WHERE id = 101

```

public *boolean* **delete** (*string* | *array* $table, [*string* $whereCondition], [*array* $placeholders], [*array* $dataTypes])

Deletes data from a table using custom RBDM SQL syntax

```php
<?php

// Deleting existing robot
$success = $connection->delete(
"robots",
"id = 101"
);

// Next SQL sentence is generated
DELETE FROM `robots` WHERE `id` = 101

```

public  **escapeIdentifier** (*array* | *string* $identifier)

Escapes a column/table/schema name

```php
<?php

$escapedTable = $connection->escapeIdentifier(
"robots"
);

$escapedTable = $connection->escapeIdentifier(
[
    "store",
    "robots",
]
);

```

public *string* **getColumnList** (*array* $columnList)

Gets a list of columns

public  **limit** (*mixed* $sqlQuery, *mixed* $number)

Appends a LIMIT clause to $sqlQuery argument

```php
<?php

echo $connection->limit("SELECT * FROM robots", 5);

```

public  **tableExists** (*mixed* $tableName, [*mixed* $schemaName])

Generates SQL checking for the existence of a schema.table

```php
<?php

var_dump(
$connection->tableExists("blog", "posts")
);

```

public  **viewExists** (*mixed* $viewName, [*mixed* $schemaName])

Generates SQL checking for the existence of a schema.view

```php
<?php

var_dump(
$connection->viewExists("active_users", "posts")
);

```

public  **forUpdate** (*mixed* $sqlQuery)

Returns a SQL modified with a FOR UPDATE clause

public  **sharedLock** (*mixed* $sqlQuery)

Returns a SQL modified with a LOCK IN SHARE MODE clause

public  **createTable** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, *array* $definition)

Creates a table

public  **dropTable** (*mixed* $tableName, [*mixed* $schemaName], [*mixed* $ifExists])

Drops a table from a schema/database

public  **createView** (*mixed* $viewName, *array* $definition, [*mixed* $schemaName])

Creates a view

public  **dropView** (*mixed* $viewName, [*mixed* $schemaName], [*mixed* $ifExists])

Drops a view

public  **addColumn** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, [Phalcon\Db\ColumnInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $column)

Adds a column to a table

public  **modifyColumn** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, [Phalcon\Db\ColumnInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $column, [[Phalcon\Db\ColumnInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $currentColumn])

Modifies a table column based on a definition

public  **dropColumn** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, *mixed* $columnName)

Drops a column from a table

public  **addIndex** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, [Phalcon\Db\IndexInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $index)

Adds an index to a table

public  **dropIndex** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, *mixed* $indexName)

Drop an index from a table

public  **addPrimaryKey** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, [Phalcon\Db\IndexInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $index)

Adds a primary key to a table

public  **dropPrimaryKey** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName)

Drops a table's primary key

public  **addForeignKey** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, [Phalcon\Db\ReferenceInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $reference)

Adds a foreign key to a table

public  **dropForeignKey** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, *mixed* $referenceName)

Drops a foreign key from a table

public  **getColumnDefinition** ([Phalcon\Db\ColumnInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $column)

Returns the SQL column definition from a column

public  **listTables** ([*mixed* $schemaName])

List all tables on a database

```php
<?php

print_r(
$connection->listTables("blog")
);

```

public  **listViews** ([*mixed* $schemaName])

List all views on a database

```php
<?php

print_r(
$connection->listViews("blog")
);

```

public [Phalcon\Db\Index](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) **describeIndexes** (*string* $table, [*string* $schema])

Lists table indexes

```php
<?php

print_r(
$connection->describeIndexes("robots_parts")
);

```

public  **describeReferences** (*mixed* $table, [*mixed* $schema])

Lists table references

```php
<?php

print_r(
$connection->describeReferences("robots_parts")
);

```

public  **tableOptions** (*mixed* $tableName, [*mixed* $schemaName])

Gets creation options from a table

```php
<?php

print_r(
$connection->tableOptions("robots")
);

```

public  **createSavepoint** (*mixed* $name)

Creates a new savepoint

public  **releaseSavepoint** (*mixed* $name)

Releases given savepoint

public  **rollbackSavepoint** (*mixed* $name)

Rollbacks given savepoint

public  **setNestedTransactionsWithSavepoints** (*mixed* $nestedTransactionsWithSavepoints)

Set if nested transactions should use savepoints

public  **isNestedTransactionsWithSavepoints** ()

Returns if nested transactions should use savepoints

public  **getNestedTransactionSavepointName** ()

Returns the savepoint name to use for nested transactions

public  **getDefaultIdValue** ()

Returns the default identity value to be inserted in an identity column

```php
<?php

// Inserting a new robot with a valid default value for the column 'id'
$success = $connection->insert(
"robots",
[
    $connection->getDefaultIdValue(),
    "Astro Boy",
    1952,
],
[
    "id",
    "name",
    "year",
]
);

```

public  **getDefaultValue** ()

Returns the default value to make the RBDM use the default value declared in the table definition

```php
<?php

// Inserting a new robot with a valid default value for the column 'year'
$success = $connection->insert(
"robots",
[
    "Astro Boy",
    $connection->getDefaultValue()
],
[
    "name",
    "year",
]
);

```

public  **supportSequences** ()

Check whether the database system requires a sequence to produce auto-numeric values

public  **useExplicitIdValue** ()

Check whether the database system requires an explicit value for identity columns

public  **getDescriptor** ()

Return descriptor used to connect to the active database

public *string* **getConnectionId** ()

Gets the active connection unique identifier

public  **getSQLStatement** ()

Active SQL statement in the object

public  **getRealSQLStatement** ()

Active SQL statement in the object without replace bound parameters

public *array* **getSQLBindTypes** ()

Active SQL statement in the object

abstract public  **connect** ([*array* $descriptor]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\AdapterInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

...

abstract public  **query** (*mixed* $sqlStatement, [*mixed* $placeholders], [*mixed* $dataTypes]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\AdapterInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

...

abstract public  **execute** (*mixed* $sqlStatement, [*mixed* $placeholders], [*mixed* $dataTypes]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\AdapterInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

...

abstract public  **affectedRows** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\AdapterInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

...

abstract public  **close** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\AdapterInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

...

abstract public  **escapeString** (*mixed* $str) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\AdapterInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

...

abstract public  **lastInsertId** ([*mixed* $sequenceName]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\AdapterInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

...

abstract public  **begin** ([*mixed* $nesting]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\AdapterInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

...

abstract public  **rollback** ([*mixed* $nesting]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\AdapterInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

...

abstract public  **commit** ([*mixed* $nesting]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\AdapterInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

...

abstract public  **isUnderTransaction** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\AdapterInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

...

abstract public  **getInternalHandler** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\AdapterInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

...

abstract public  **describeColumns** (*mixed* $table, [*mixed* $schema]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\AdapterInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

...

<hr />

# Abstract class **Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo**

*extends* abstract class [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

*implements* [Phalcon\Events\EventsAwareInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_events/), [Phalcon\Db\AdapterInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

<a href="https://github.com/phalcon/cphalcon/tree/v3.4.0/phalcon/db/adapter/pdo.zep" class="btn btn-default btn-sm">Source on GitHub</a>

Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo is the Phalcon\Db that internally uses PDO to connect to a database

```php
<?php

use Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo\Mysql;

$config = [
"host"     => "localhost",
"dbname"   => "blog",
"port"     => 3306,
"username" => "sigma",
"password" => "secret",
];

$connection = new Mysql($config);

```

## Methods
public  **__construct** (*array* $descriptor)

Constructor for Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo

public  **connect** ([*array* $descriptor])

This method is automatically called in \Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo constructor.
Call it when you need to restore a database connection.

```php
<?php

use Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo\Mysql;

// Make a connection
$connection = new Mysql(
[
    "host"     => "localhost",
    "username" => "sigma",
    "password" => "secret",
    "dbname"   => "blog",
    "port"     => 3306,
]
);

// Reconnect
$connection->connect();

```

public  **prepare** (*mixed* $sqlStatement)

Returns a PDO prepared statement to be executed with 'executePrepared'

```php
<?php

use Phalcon\Db\Column;

$statement = $db->prepare(
"SELECT * FROM robots WHERE name = :name"
);

$result = $connection->executePrepared(
$statement,
[
    "name" => "Voltron",
],
[
    "name" => Column::BIND_PARAM_INT,
]
);

```

public [PDOStatement](https://php.net/manual/en/class.pdostatement.php) **executePrepared** ([PDOStatement](https://php.net/manual/en/class.pdostatement.php) $statement, *array* $placeholders, *array* $dataTypes)

Executes a prepared statement binding. This function uses integer indexes starting from zero

```php
<?php

use Phalcon\Db\Column;

$statement = $db->prepare(
"SELECT * FROM robots WHERE name = :name"
);

$result = $connection->executePrepared(
$statement,
[
    "name" => "Voltron",
],
[
    "name" => Column::BIND_PARAM_INT,
]
);

```

public  **query** (*mixed* $sqlStatement, [*mixed* $bindParams], [*mixed* $bindTypes])

Sends SQL statements to the database server returning the success state.
Use this method only when the SQL statement sent to the server is returning rows

```php
<?php

// Querying data
$resultset = $connection->query(
"SELECT * FROM robots WHERE type = 'mechanical'"
);

$resultset = $connection->query(
"SELECT * FROM robots WHERE type = ?",
[
    "mechanical",
]
);

```

public  **execute** (*mixed* $sqlStatement, [*mixed* $bindParams], [*mixed* $bindTypes])

Sends SQL statements to the database server returning the success state.
Use this method only when the SQL statement sent to the server doesn't return any rows

```php
<?php

// Inserting data
$success = $connection->execute(
"INSERT INTO robots VALUES (1, 'Astro Boy')"
);

$success = $connection->execute(
"INSERT INTO robots VALUES (?, ?)",
[
    1,
    "Astro Boy",
]
);

```

public  **affectedRows** ()

Returns the number of affected rows by the latest INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE executed in the database system

```php
<?php

$connection->execute(
"DELETE FROM robots"
);

echo $connection->affectedRows(), " were deleted";

```

public  **close** ()

Closes the active connection returning success. Phalcon automatically closes and destroys
active connections when the request ends

public  **escapeString** (*mixed* $str)

Escapes a value to avoid SQL injections according to the active charset in the connection

```php
<?php

$escapedStr = $connection->escapeString("some dangerous value");

```

public  **convertBoundParams** (*mixed* $sql, [*array* $params])

Converts bound parameters such as :name: or ?1 into PDO bind params ?

```php
<?php

print_r(
$connection->convertBoundParams(
    "SELECT * FROM robots WHERE name = :name:",
    [
        "Bender",
    ]
)
);

```

public *int* | *boolean* **lastInsertId** ([*string* $sequenceName])

Returns the insert id for the auto_increment/serial column inserted in the latest executed SQL statement

```php
<?php

// Inserting a new robot
$success = $connection->insert(
"robots",
[
    "Astro Boy",
    1952,
],
[
    "name",
    "year",
]
);

// Getting the generated id
$id = $connection->lastInsertId();

```

public  **begin** ([*mixed* $nesting])

Starts a transaction in the connection

public  **rollback** ([*mixed* $nesting])

Rollbacks the active transaction in the connection

public  **commit** ([*mixed* $nesting])

Commits the active transaction in the connection

public  **getTransactionLevel** ()

Returns the current transaction nesting level

public  **isUnderTransaction** ()

Checks whether the connection is under a transaction

```php
<?php

$connection->begin();

// true
var_dump(
$connection->isUnderTransaction()
);

```

public  **getInternalHandler** ()

Return internal PDO handler

public *array* **getErrorInfo** ()

Return the error info, if any

public  **getDialectType** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Name of the dialect used

public  **getType** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Type of database system the adapter is used for

public  **getSqlVariables** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Active SQL bound parameter variables

public  **setEventsManager** ([Phalcon\Events\ManagerInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_events/) $eventsManager) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Sets the event manager

public  **getEventsManager** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns the internal event manager

public  **setDialect** ([Phalcon\Db\DialectInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $dialect) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Sets the dialect used to produce the SQL

public  **getDialect** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns internal dialect instance

public  **fetchOne** (*mixed* $sqlQuery, [*mixed* $fetchMode], [*mixed* $bindParams], [*mixed* $bindTypes]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns the first row in a SQL query result

```php
<?php

// Getting first robot
$robot = $connection->fetchOne("SELECT * FROM robots");
print_r($robot);

// Getting first robot with associative indexes only
$robot = $connection->fetchOne("SELECT * FROM robots", \Phalcon\Db::FETCH_ASSOC);
print_r($robot);

```

public *array* **fetchAll** (*string* $sqlQuery, [*int* $fetchMode], [*array* $bindParams], [*array* $bindTypes]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Dumps the complete result of a query into an array

```php
<?php

// Getting all robots with associative indexes only
$robots = $connection->fetchAll(
"SELECT * FROM robots",
\Phalcon\Db::FETCH_ASSOC
);

foreach ($robots as $robot) {
print_r($robot);
}

 // Getting all robots that contains word "robot" withing the name
$robots = $connection->fetchAll(
"SELECT * FROM robots WHERE name LIKE :name",
\Phalcon\Db::FETCH_ASSOC,
[
    "name" => "%robot%",
]
);
foreach($robots as $robot) {
print_r($robot);
}

```

public *string* | ** **fetchColumn** (*string* $sqlQuery, [*array* $placeholders], [*int* | *string* $column]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns the n'th field of first row in a SQL query result

```php
<?php

// Getting count of robots
$robotsCount = $connection->fetchColumn("SELECT count(*) FROM robots");
print_r($robotsCount);

// Getting name of last edited robot
$robot = $connection->fetchColumn(
"SELECT id, name FROM robots order by modified desc",
1
);
print_r($robot);

```

public *boolean* **insert** (*string* | *array* $table, *array* $values, [*array* $fields], [*array* $dataTypes]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Inserts data into a table using custom RDBMS SQL syntax

```php
<?php

// Inserting a new robot
$success = $connection->insert(
"robots",
["Astro Boy", 1952],
["name", "year"]
);

// Next SQL sentence is sent to the database system
INSERT INTO `robots` (`name`, `year`) VALUES ("Astro boy", 1952);

```

public *boolean* **insertAsDict** (*string* $table, *array* $data, [*array* $dataTypes]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Inserts data into a table using custom RBDM SQL syntax

```php
<?php

// Inserting a new robot
$success = $connection->insertAsDict(
"robots",
[
    "name" => "Astro Boy",
    "year" => 1952,
]
);

// Next SQL sentence is sent to the database system
INSERT INTO `robots` (`name`, `year`) VALUES ("Astro boy", 1952);

```

public *boolean* **update** (*string* | *array* $table, *array* $fields, *array* $values, [*string* | *array* $whereCondition], [*array* $dataTypes]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Updates data on a table using custom RBDM SQL syntax

```php
<?php

// Updating existing robot
$success = $connection->update(
"robots",
["name"],
["New Astro Boy"],
"id = 101"
);

// Next SQL sentence is sent to the database system
UPDATE `robots` SET `name` = "Astro boy" WHERE id = 101

// Updating existing robot with array condition and $dataTypes
$success = $connection->update(
"robots",
["name"],
["New Astro Boy"],
[
    "conditions" => "id = ?",
    "bind"       => [$some_unsafe_id],
    "bindTypes"  => [PDO::PARAM_INT], // use only if you use $dataTypes param
],
[
    PDO::PARAM_STR
]
);

```
Warning! If $whereCondition is string it not escaped.

public *boolean* **updateAsDict** (*string* $table, *array* $data, [*string* $whereCondition], [*array* $dataTypes]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Updates data on a table using custom RBDM SQL syntax
Another, more convenient syntax

```php
<?php

// Updating existing robot
$success = $connection->updateAsDict(
"robots",
[
    "name" => "New Astro Boy",
],
"id = 101"
);

// Next SQL sentence is sent to the database system
UPDATE `robots` SET `name` = "Astro boy" WHERE id = 101

```

public *boolean* **delete** (*string* | *array* $table, [*string* $whereCondition], [*array* $placeholders], [*array* $dataTypes]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Deletes data from a table using custom RBDM SQL syntax

```php
<?php

// Deleting existing robot
$success = $connection->delete(
"robots",
"id = 101"
);

// Next SQL sentence is generated
DELETE FROM `robots` WHERE `id` = 101

```

public  **escapeIdentifier** (*array* | *string* $identifier) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Escapes a column/table/schema name

```php
<?php

$escapedTable = $connection->escapeIdentifier(
"robots"
);

$escapedTable = $connection->escapeIdentifier(
[
    "store",
    "robots",
]
);

```

public *string* **getColumnList** (*array* $columnList) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Gets a list of columns

public  **limit** (*mixed* $sqlQuery, *mixed* $number) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Appends a LIMIT clause to $sqlQuery argument

```php
<?php

echo $connection->limit("SELECT * FROM robots", 5);

```

public  **tableExists** (*mixed* $tableName, [*mixed* $schemaName]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Generates SQL checking for the existence of a schema.table

```php
<?php

var_dump(
$connection->tableExists("blog", "posts")
);

```

public  **viewExists** (*mixed* $viewName, [*mixed* $schemaName]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Generates SQL checking for the existence of a schema.view

```php
<?php

var_dump(
$connection->viewExists("active_users", "posts")
);

```

public  **forUpdate** (*mixed* $sqlQuery) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns a SQL modified with a FOR UPDATE clause

public  **sharedLock** (*mixed* $sqlQuery) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns a SQL modified with a LOCK IN SHARE MODE clause

public  **createTable** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, *array* $definition) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Creates a table

public  **dropTable** (*mixed* $tableName, [*mixed* $schemaName], [*mixed* $ifExists]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Drops a table from a schema/database

public  **createView** (*mixed* $viewName, *array* $definition, [*mixed* $schemaName]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Creates a view

public  **dropView** (*mixed* $viewName, [*mixed* $schemaName], [*mixed* $ifExists]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Drops a view

public  **addColumn** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, [Phalcon\Db\ColumnInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $column) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Adds a column to a table

public  **modifyColumn** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, [Phalcon\Db\ColumnInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $column, [[Phalcon\Db\ColumnInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $currentColumn]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Modifies a table column based on a definition

public  **dropColumn** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, *mixed* $columnName) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Drops a column from a table

public  **addIndex** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, [Phalcon\Db\IndexInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $index) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Adds an index to a table

public  **dropIndex** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, *mixed* $indexName) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Drop an index from a table

public  **addPrimaryKey** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, [Phalcon\Db\IndexInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $index) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Adds a primary key to a table

public  **dropPrimaryKey** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Drops a table's primary key

public  **addForeignKey** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, [Phalcon\Db\ReferenceInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $reference) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Adds a foreign key to a table

public  **dropForeignKey** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, *mixed* $referenceName) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Drops a foreign key from a table

public  **getColumnDefinition** ([Phalcon\Db\ColumnInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $column) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns the SQL column definition from a column

public  **listTables** ([*mixed* $schemaName]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

List all tables on a database

```php
<?php

print_r(
$connection->listTables("blog")
);

```

public  **listViews** ([*mixed* $schemaName]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

List all views on a database

```php
<?php

print_r(
$connection->listViews("blog")
);

```

public [Phalcon\Db\Index](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) **describeIndexes** (*string* $table, [*string* $schema]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Lists table indexes

```php
<?php

print_r(
$connection->describeIndexes("robots_parts")
);

```

public  **describeReferences** (*mixed* $table, [*mixed* $schema]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Lists table references

```php
<?php

print_r(
$connection->describeReferences("robots_parts")
);

```

public  **tableOptions** (*mixed* $tableName, [*mixed* $schemaName]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Gets creation options from a table

```php
<?php

print_r(
$connection->tableOptions("robots")
);

```

public  **createSavepoint** (*mixed* $name) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Creates a new savepoint

public  **releaseSavepoint** (*mixed* $name) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Releases given savepoint

public  **rollbackSavepoint** (*mixed* $name) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Rollbacks given savepoint

public  **setNestedTransactionsWithSavepoints** (*mixed* $nestedTransactionsWithSavepoints) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Set if nested transactions should use savepoints

public  **isNestedTransactionsWithSavepoints** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns if nested transactions should use savepoints

public  **getNestedTransactionSavepointName** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns the savepoint name to use for nested transactions

public  **getDefaultIdValue** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns the default identity value to be inserted in an identity column

```php
<?php

// Inserting a new robot with a valid default value for the column 'id'
$success = $connection->insert(
"robots",
[
    $connection->getDefaultIdValue(),
    "Astro Boy",
    1952,
],
[
    "id",
    "name",
    "year",
]
);

```

public  **getDefaultValue** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns the default value to make the RBDM use the default value declared in the table definition

```php
<?php

// Inserting a new robot with a valid default value for the column 'year'
$success = $connection->insert(
"robots",
[
    "Astro Boy",
    $connection->getDefaultValue()
],
[
    "name",
    "year",
]
);

```

public  **supportSequences** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Check whether the database system requires a sequence to produce auto-numeric values

public  **useExplicitIdValue** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Check whether the database system requires an explicit value for identity columns

public  **getDescriptor** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Return descriptor used to connect to the active database

public *string* **getConnectionId** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Gets the active connection unique identifier

public  **getSQLStatement** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Active SQL statement in the object

public  **getRealSQLStatement** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Active SQL statement in the object without replace bound parameters

public *array* **getSQLBindTypes** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Active SQL statement in the object

abstract public  **describeColumns** (*mixed* $table, [*mixed* $schema]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\AdapterInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

...

<hr />

# Class **Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo\Factory**

*extends* abstract class [Phalcon\Factory](/3.4/api/phalcon_factory/)

*implements* [Phalcon\FactoryInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_factory/)

<a href="https://github.com/phalcon/cphalcon/tree/v3.4.0/phalcon/db/adapter/pdo/factory.zep" class="btn btn-default btn-sm">Source on GitHub</a>

Loads PDO Adapter class using 'adapter' option

```php
<?php

use Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo\Factory;

$options = [
"host"     => "localhost",
"dbname"   => "blog",
"port"     => 3306,
"username" => "sigma",
"password" => "secret",
"adapter"  => "mysql",
];
$db = Factory::load($options);

```

## Methods
public static  **load** ([Phalcon\Config](/3.4/api/phalcon_config/) | *array* $config)

protected static  **loadClass** (*mixed* $namespace, *mixed* $config) inherited from [Phalcon\Factory](/3.4/api/phalcon_factory/)

...

<hr />

# Class **Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo\Mysql**

*extends* abstract class [Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

*implements* [Phalcon\Db\AdapterInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/), [Phalcon\Events\EventsAwareInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_events/)

<a href="https://github.com/phalcon/cphalcon/tree/v3.4.0/phalcon/db/adapter/pdo/mysql.zep" class="btn btn-default btn-sm">Source on GitHub</a>

Specific functions for the Mysql database system

```php
<?php

use Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo\Mysql;

$config = [
"host"     => "localhost",
"dbname"   => "blog",
"port"     => 3306,
"username" => "sigma",
"password" => "secret",
];

$connection = new Mysql($config);

```

## Methods
public  **describeColumns** (*mixed* $table, [*mixed* $schema])

Returns an array of Phalcon\Db\Column objects describing a table

```php
<?php

print_r(
$connection->describeColumns("posts")
);

```

public [Phalcon\Db\IndexInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) **describeIndexes** (*string* $table, [*string* $schema])

Lists table indexes

```php
<?php

print_r(
$connection->describeIndexes("robots_parts")
);

```

public  **describeReferences** (*mixed* $table, [*mixed* $schema])

Lists table references

```php
<?php

print_r(
$connection->describeReferences("robots_parts")
);

```

public  **__construct** (*array* $descriptor) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Constructor for Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo

public  **connect** ([*array* $descriptor]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

This method is automatically called in \Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo constructor.
Call it when you need to restore a database connection.

```php
<?php

use Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo\Mysql;

// Make a connection
$connection = new Mysql(
[
    "host"     => "localhost",
    "username" => "sigma",
    "password" => "secret",
    "dbname"   => "blog",
    "port"     => 3306,
]
);

// Reconnect
$connection->connect();

```

public  **prepare** (*mixed* $sqlStatement) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns a PDO prepared statement to be executed with 'executePrepared'

```php
<?php

use Phalcon\Db\Column;

$statement = $db->prepare(
"SELECT * FROM robots WHERE name = :name"
);

$result = $connection->executePrepared(
$statement,
[
    "name" => "Voltron",
],
[
    "name" => Column::BIND_PARAM_INT,
]
);

```

public [PDOStatement](https://php.net/manual/en/class.pdostatement.php) **executePrepared** ([PDOStatement](https://php.net/manual/en/class.pdostatement.php) $statement, *array* $placeholders, *array* $dataTypes) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Executes a prepared statement binding. This function uses integer indexes starting from zero

```php
<?php

use Phalcon\Db\Column;

$statement = $db->prepare(
"SELECT * FROM robots WHERE name = :name"
);

$result = $connection->executePrepared(
$statement,
[
    "name" => "Voltron",
],
[
    "name" => Column::BIND_PARAM_INT,
]
);

```

public  **query** (*mixed* $sqlStatement, [*mixed* $bindParams], [*mixed* $bindTypes]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Sends SQL statements to the database server returning the success state.
Use this method only when the SQL statement sent to the server is returning rows

```php
<?php

// Querying data
$resultset = $connection->query(
"SELECT * FROM robots WHERE type = 'mechanical'"
);

$resultset = $connection->query(
"SELECT * FROM robots WHERE type = ?",
[
    "mechanical",
]
);

```

public  **execute** (*mixed* $sqlStatement, [*mixed* $bindParams], [*mixed* $bindTypes]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Sends SQL statements to the database server returning the success state.
Use this method only when the SQL statement sent to the server doesn't return any rows

```php
<?php

// Inserting data
$success = $connection->execute(
"INSERT INTO robots VALUES (1, 'Astro Boy')"
);

$success = $connection->execute(
"INSERT INTO robots VALUES (?, ?)",
[
    1,
    "Astro Boy",
]
);

```

public  **affectedRows** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns the number of affected rows by the latest INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE executed in the database system

```php
<?php

$connection->execute(
"DELETE FROM robots"
);

echo $connection->affectedRows(), " were deleted";

```

public  **close** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Closes the active connection returning success. Phalcon automatically closes and destroys
active connections when the request ends

public  **escapeString** (*mixed* $str) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Escapes a value to avoid SQL injections according to the active charset in the connection

```php
<?php

$escapedStr = $connection->escapeString("some dangerous value");

```

public  **convertBoundParams** (*mixed* $sql, [*array* $params]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Converts bound parameters such as :name: or ?1 into PDO bind params ?

```php
<?php

print_r(
$connection->convertBoundParams(
    "SELECT * FROM robots WHERE name = :name:",
    [
        "Bender",
    ]
)
);

```

public *int* | *boolean* **lastInsertId** ([*string* $sequenceName]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns the insert id for the auto_increment/serial column inserted in the latest executed SQL statement

```php
<?php

// Inserting a new robot
$success = $connection->insert(
"robots",
[
    "Astro Boy",
    1952,
],
[
    "name",
    "year",
]
);

// Getting the generated id
$id = $connection->lastInsertId();

```

public  **begin** ([*mixed* $nesting]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Starts a transaction in the connection

public  **rollback** ([*mixed* $nesting]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Rollbacks the active transaction in the connection

public  **commit** ([*mixed* $nesting]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Commits the active transaction in the connection

public  **getTransactionLevel** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns the current transaction nesting level

public  **isUnderTransaction** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Checks whether the connection is under a transaction

```php
<?php

$connection->begin();

// true
var_dump(
$connection->isUnderTransaction()
);

```

public  **getInternalHandler** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Return internal PDO handler

public *array* **getErrorInfo** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Return the error info, if any

public  **getDialectType** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Name of the dialect used

public  **getType** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Type of database system the adapter is used for

public  **getSqlVariables** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Active SQL bound parameter variables

public  **setEventsManager** ([Phalcon\Events\ManagerInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_events/) $eventsManager) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Sets the event manager

public  **getEventsManager** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns the internal event manager

public  **setDialect** ([Phalcon\Db\DialectInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $dialect) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Sets the dialect used to produce the SQL

public  **getDialect** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns internal dialect instance

public  **fetchOne** (*mixed* $sqlQuery, [*mixed* $fetchMode], [*mixed* $bindParams], [*mixed* $bindTypes]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns the first row in a SQL query result

```php
<?php

// Getting first robot
$robot = $connection->fetchOne("SELECT * FROM robots");
print_r($robot);

// Getting first robot with associative indexes only
$robot = $connection->fetchOne("SELECT * FROM robots", \Phalcon\Db::FETCH_ASSOC);
print_r($robot);

```

public *array* **fetchAll** (*string* $sqlQuery, [*int* $fetchMode], [*array* $bindParams], [*array* $bindTypes]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Dumps the complete result of a query into an array

```php
<?php

// Getting all robots with associative indexes only
$robots = $connection->fetchAll(
"SELECT * FROM robots",
\Phalcon\Db::FETCH_ASSOC
);

foreach ($robots as $robot) {
print_r($robot);
}

 // Getting all robots that contains word "robot" withing the name
$robots = $connection->fetchAll(
"SELECT * FROM robots WHERE name LIKE :name",
\Phalcon\Db::FETCH_ASSOC,
[
    "name" => "%robot%",
]
);
foreach($robots as $robot) {
print_r($robot);
}

```

public *string* | ** **fetchColumn** (*string* $sqlQuery, [*array* $placeholders], [*int* | *string* $column]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns the n'th field of first row in a SQL query result

```php
<?php

// Getting count of robots
$robotsCount = $connection->fetchColumn("SELECT count(*) FROM robots");
print_r($robotsCount);

// Getting name of last edited robot
$robot = $connection->fetchColumn(
"SELECT id, name FROM robots order by modified desc",
1
);
print_r($robot);

```

public *boolean* **insert** (*string* | *array* $table, *array* $values, [*array* $fields], [*array* $dataTypes]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Inserts data into a table using custom RDBMS SQL syntax

```php
<?php

// Inserting a new robot
$success = $connection->insert(
"robots",
["Astro Boy", 1952],
["name", "year"]
);

// Next SQL sentence is sent to the database system
INSERT INTO `robots` (`name`, `year`) VALUES ("Astro boy", 1952);

```

public *boolean* **insertAsDict** (*string* $table, *array* $data, [*array* $dataTypes]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Inserts data into a table using custom RBDM SQL syntax

```php
<?php

// Inserting a new robot
$success = $connection->insertAsDict(
"robots",
[
    "name" => "Astro Boy",
    "year" => 1952,
]
);

// Next SQL sentence is sent to the database system
INSERT INTO `robots` (`name`, `year`) VALUES ("Astro boy", 1952);

```

public *boolean* **update** (*string* | *array* $table, *array* $fields, *array* $values, [*string* | *array* $whereCondition], [*array* $dataTypes]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Updates data on a table using custom RBDM SQL syntax

```php
<?php

// Updating existing robot
$success = $connection->update(
"robots",
["name"],
["New Astro Boy"],
"id = 101"
);

// Next SQL sentence is sent to the database system
UPDATE `robots` SET `name` = "Astro boy" WHERE id = 101

// Updating existing robot with array condition and $dataTypes
$success = $connection->update(
"robots",
["name"],
["New Astro Boy"],
[
    "conditions" => "id = ?",
    "bind"       => [$some_unsafe_id],
    "bindTypes"  => [PDO::PARAM_INT], // use only if you use $dataTypes param
],
[
    PDO::PARAM_STR
]
);

```
Warning! If $whereCondition is string it not escaped.

public *boolean* **updateAsDict** (*string* $table, *array* $data, [*string* $whereCondition], [*array* $dataTypes]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Updates data on a table using custom RBDM SQL syntax
Another, more convenient syntax

```php
<?php

// Updating existing robot
$success = $connection->updateAsDict(
"robots",
[
    "name" => "New Astro Boy",
],
"id = 101"
);

// Next SQL sentence is sent to the database system
UPDATE `robots` SET `name` = "Astro boy" WHERE id = 101

```

public *boolean* **delete** (*string* | *array* $table, [*string* $whereCondition], [*array* $placeholders], [*array* $dataTypes]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Deletes data from a table using custom RBDM SQL syntax

```php
<?php

// Deleting existing robot
$success = $connection->delete(
"robots",
"id = 101"
);

// Next SQL sentence is generated
DELETE FROM `robots` WHERE `id` = 101

```

public  **escapeIdentifier** (*array* | *string* $identifier) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Escapes a column/table/schema name

```php
<?php

$escapedTable = $connection->escapeIdentifier(
"robots"
);

$escapedTable = $connection->escapeIdentifier(
[
    "store",
    "robots",
]
);

```

public *string* **getColumnList** (*array* $columnList) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Gets a list of columns

public  **limit** (*mixed* $sqlQuery, *mixed* $number) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Appends a LIMIT clause to $sqlQuery argument

```php
<?php

echo $connection->limit("SELECT * FROM robots", 5);

```

public  **tableExists** (*mixed* $tableName, [*mixed* $schemaName]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Generates SQL checking for the existence of a schema.table

```php
<?php

var_dump(
$connection->tableExists("blog", "posts")
);

```

public  **viewExists** (*mixed* $viewName, [*mixed* $schemaName]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Generates SQL checking for the existence of a schema.view

```php
<?php

var_dump(
$connection->viewExists("active_users", "posts")
);

```

public  **forUpdate** (*mixed* $sqlQuery) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns a SQL modified with a FOR UPDATE clause

public  **sharedLock** (*mixed* $sqlQuery) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns a SQL modified with a LOCK IN SHARE MODE clause

public  **createTable** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, *array* $definition) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Creates a table

public  **dropTable** (*mixed* $tableName, [*mixed* $schemaName], [*mixed* $ifExists]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Drops a table from a schema/database

public  **createView** (*mixed* $viewName, *array* $definition, [*mixed* $schemaName]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Creates a view

public  **dropView** (*mixed* $viewName, [*mixed* $schemaName], [*mixed* $ifExists]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Drops a view

public  **addColumn** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, [Phalcon\Db\ColumnInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $column) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Adds a column to a table

public  **modifyColumn** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, [Phalcon\Db\ColumnInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $column, [[Phalcon\Db\ColumnInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $currentColumn]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Modifies a table column based on a definition

public  **dropColumn** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, *mixed* $columnName) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Drops a column from a table

public  **addIndex** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, [Phalcon\Db\IndexInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $index) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Adds an index to a table

public  **dropIndex** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, *mixed* $indexName) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Drop an index from a table

public  **addPrimaryKey** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, [Phalcon\Db\IndexInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $index) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Adds a primary key to a table

public  **dropPrimaryKey** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Drops a table's primary key

public  **addForeignKey** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, [Phalcon\Db\ReferenceInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $reference) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Adds a foreign key to a table

public  **dropForeignKey** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, *mixed* $referenceName) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Drops a foreign key from a table

public  **getColumnDefinition** ([Phalcon\Db\ColumnInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $column) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns the SQL column definition from a column

public  **listTables** ([*mixed* $schemaName]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

List all tables on a database

```php
<?php

print_r(
$connection->listTables("blog")
);

```

public  **listViews** ([*mixed* $schemaName]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

List all views on a database

```php
<?php

print_r(
$connection->listViews("blog")
);

```

public  **tableOptions** (*mixed* $tableName, [*mixed* $schemaName]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Gets creation options from a table

```php
<?php

print_r(
$connection->tableOptions("robots")
);

```

public  **createSavepoint** (*mixed* $name) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Creates a new savepoint

public  **releaseSavepoint** (*mixed* $name) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Releases given savepoint

public  **rollbackSavepoint** (*mixed* $name) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Rollbacks given savepoint

public  **setNestedTransactionsWithSavepoints** (*mixed* $nestedTransactionsWithSavepoints) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Set if nested transactions should use savepoints

public  **isNestedTransactionsWithSavepoints** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns if nested transactions should use savepoints

public  **getNestedTransactionSavepointName** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns the savepoint name to use for nested transactions

public  **getDefaultIdValue** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns the default identity value to be inserted in an identity column

```php
<?php

// Inserting a new robot with a valid default value for the column 'id'
$success = $connection->insert(
"robots",
[
    $connection->getDefaultIdValue(),
    "Astro Boy",
    1952,
],
[
    "id",
    "name",
    "year",
]
);

```

public  **getDefaultValue** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns the default value to make the RBDM use the default value declared in the table definition

```php
<?php

// Inserting a new robot with a valid default value for the column 'year'
$success = $connection->insert(
"robots",
[
    "Astro Boy",
    $connection->getDefaultValue()
],
[
    "name",
    "year",
]
);

```

public  **supportSequences** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Check whether the database system requires a sequence to produce auto-numeric values

public  **useExplicitIdValue** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Check whether the database system requires an explicit value for identity columns

public  **getDescriptor** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Return descriptor used to connect to the active database

public *string* **getConnectionId** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Gets the active connection unique identifier

public  **getSQLStatement** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Active SQL statement in the object

public  **getRealSQLStatement** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Active SQL statement in the object without replace bound parameters

public *array* **getSQLBindTypes** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Active SQL statement in the object

<hr />

# Class **Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo\Postgresql**

*extends* abstract class [Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

*implements* [Phalcon\Db\AdapterInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/), [Phalcon\Events\EventsAwareInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_events/)

<a href="https://github.com/phalcon/cphalcon/tree/v3.4.0/phalcon/db/adapter/pdo/postgresql.zep" class="btn btn-default btn-sm">Source on GitHub</a>

Specific functions for the Postgresql database system

```php
<?php

use Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo\Postgresql;

$config = [
"host"     => "localhost",
"dbname"   => "blog",
"port"     => 5432,
"username" => "postgres",
"password" => "secret",
];

$connection = new Postgresql($config);

```

## Methods
public  **connect** ([*array* $descriptor])

This method is automatically called in Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo constructor.
Call it when you need to restore a database connection.

public  **describeColumns** (*mixed* $table, [*mixed* $schema])

Returns an array of Phalcon\Db\Column objects describing a table

```php
<?php

print_r(
$connection->describeColumns("posts")
);

```

public  **createTable** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, *array* $definition)

Creates a table

public  **modifyColumn** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, [Phalcon\Db\ColumnInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $column, [[Phalcon\Db\ColumnInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $currentColumn])

Modifies a table column based on a definition

public  **useExplicitIdValue** ()

Check whether the database system requires an explicit value for identity columns

public  **getDefaultIdValue** ()

Returns the default identity value to be inserted in an identity column

```php
<?php

// Inserting a new robot with a valid default value for the column 'id'
$success = $connection->insert(
"robots",
[
    $connection->getDefaultIdValue(),
    "Astro Boy",
    1952,
],
[
    "id",
    "name",
    "year",
]
);

```

public  **supportSequences** ()

Check whether the database system requires a sequence to produce auto-numeric values

public  **__construct** (*array* $descriptor) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Constructor for Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo

public  **prepare** (*mixed* $sqlStatement) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns a PDO prepared statement to be executed with 'executePrepared'

```php
<?php

use Phalcon\Db\Column;

$statement = $db->prepare(
"SELECT * FROM robots WHERE name = :name"
);

$result = $connection->executePrepared(
$statement,
[
    "name" => "Voltron",
],
[
    "name" => Column::BIND_PARAM_INT,
]
);

```

public [PDOStatement](https://php.net/manual/en/class.pdostatement.php) **executePrepared** ([PDOStatement](https://php.net/manual/en/class.pdostatement.php) $statement, *array* $placeholders, *array* $dataTypes) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Executes a prepared statement binding. This function uses integer indexes starting from zero

```php
<?php

use Phalcon\Db\Column;

$statement = $db->prepare(
"SELECT * FROM robots WHERE name = :name"
);

$result = $connection->executePrepared(
$statement,
[
    "name" => "Voltron",
],
[
    "name" => Column::BIND_PARAM_INT,
]
);

```

public  **query** (*mixed* $sqlStatement, [*mixed* $bindParams], [*mixed* $bindTypes]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Sends SQL statements to the database server returning the success state.
Use this method only when the SQL statement sent to the server is returning rows

```php
<?php

// Querying data
$resultset = $connection->query(
"SELECT * FROM robots WHERE type = 'mechanical'"
);

$resultset = $connection->query(
"SELECT * FROM robots WHERE type = ?",
[
    "mechanical",
]
);

```

public  **execute** (*mixed* $sqlStatement, [*mixed* $bindParams], [*mixed* $bindTypes]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Sends SQL statements to the database server returning the success state.
Use this method only when the SQL statement sent to the server doesn't return any rows

```php
<?php

// Inserting data
$success = $connection->execute(
"INSERT INTO robots VALUES (1, 'Astro Boy')"
);

$success = $connection->execute(
"INSERT INTO robots VALUES (?, ?)",
[
    1,
    "Astro Boy",
]
);

```

public  **affectedRows** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns the number of affected rows by the latest INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE executed in the database system

```php
<?php

$connection->execute(
"DELETE FROM robots"
);

echo $connection->affectedRows(), " were deleted";

```

public  **close** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Closes the active connection returning success. Phalcon automatically closes and destroys
active connections when the request ends

public  **escapeString** (*mixed* $str) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Escapes a value to avoid SQL injections according to the active charset in the connection

```php
<?php

$escapedStr = $connection->escapeString("some dangerous value");

```

public  **convertBoundParams** (*mixed* $sql, [*array* $params]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Converts bound parameters such as :name: or ?1 into PDO bind params ?

```php
<?php

print_r(
$connection->convertBoundParams(
    "SELECT * FROM robots WHERE name = :name:",
    [
        "Bender",
    ]
)
);

```

public *int* | *boolean* **lastInsertId** ([*string* $sequenceName]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns the insert id for the auto_increment/serial column inserted in the latest executed SQL statement

```php
<?php

// Inserting a new robot
$success = $connection->insert(
"robots",
[
    "Astro Boy",
    1952,
],
[
    "name",
    "year",
]
);

// Getting the generated id
$id = $connection->lastInsertId();

```

public  **begin** ([*mixed* $nesting]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Starts a transaction in the connection

public  **rollback** ([*mixed* $nesting]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Rollbacks the active transaction in the connection

public  **commit** ([*mixed* $nesting]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Commits the active transaction in the connection

public  **getTransactionLevel** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns the current transaction nesting level

public  **isUnderTransaction** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Checks whether the connection is under a transaction

```php
<?php

$connection->begin();

// true
var_dump(
$connection->isUnderTransaction()
);

```

public  **getInternalHandler** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Return internal PDO handler

public *array* **getErrorInfo** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Return the error info, if any

public  **getDialectType** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Name of the dialect used

public  **getType** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Type of database system the adapter is used for

public  **getSqlVariables** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Active SQL bound parameter variables

public  **setEventsManager** ([Phalcon\Events\ManagerInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_events/) $eventsManager) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Sets the event manager

public  **getEventsManager** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns the internal event manager

public  **setDialect** ([Phalcon\Db\DialectInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $dialect) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Sets the dialect used to produce the SQL

public  **getDialect** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns internal dialect instance

public  **fetchOne** (*mixed* $sqlQuery, [*mixed* $fetchMode], [*mixed* $bindParams], [*mixed* $bindTypes]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns the first row in a SQL query result

```php
<?php

// Getting first robot
$robot = $connection->fetchOne("SELECT * FROM robots");
print_r($robot);

// Getting first robot with associative indexes only
$robot = $connection->fetchOne("SELECT * FROM robots", \Phalcon\Db::FETCH_ASSOC);
print_r($robot);

```

public *array* **fetchAll** (*string* $sqlQuery, [*int* $fetchMode], [*array* $bindParams], [*array* $bindTypes]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Dumps the complete result of a query into an array

```php
<?php

// Getting all robots with associative indexes only
$robots = $connection->fetchAll(
"SELECT * FROM robots",
\Phalcon\Db::FETCH_ASSOC
);

foreach ($robots as $robot) {
print_r($robot);
}

 // Getting all robots that contains word "robot" withing the name
$robots = $connection->fetchAll(
"SELECT * FROM robots WHERE name LIKE :name",
\Phalcon\Db::FETCH_ASSOC,
[
    "name" => "%robot%",
]
);
foreach($robots as $robot) {
print_r($robot);
}

```

public *string* | ** **fetchColumn** (*string* $sqlQuery, [*array* $placeholders], [*int* | *string* $column]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns the n'th field of first row in a SQL query result

```php
<?php

// Getting count of robots
$robotsCount = $connection->fetchColumn("SELECT count(*) FROM robots");
print_r($robotsCount);

// Getting name of last edited robot
$robot = $connection->fetchColumn(
"SELECT id, name FROM robots order by modified desc",
1
);
print_r($robot);

```

public *boolean* **insert** (*string* | *array* $table, *array* $values, [*array* $fields], [*array* $dataTypes]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Inserts data into a table using custom RDBMS SQL syntax

```php
<?php

// Inserting a new robot
$success = $connection->insert(
"robots",
["Astro Boy", 1952],
["name", "year"]
);

// Next SQL sentence is sent to the database system
INSERT INTO `robots` (`name`, `year`) VALUES ("Astro boy", 1952);

```

public *boolean* **insertAsDict** (*string* $table, *array* $data, [*array* $dataTypes]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Inserts data into a table using custom RBDM SQL syntax

```php
<?php

// Inserting a new robot
$success = $connection->insertAsDict(
"robots",
[
    "name" => "Astro Boy",
    "year" => 1952,
]
);

// Next SQL sentence is sent to the database system
INSERT INTO `robots` (`name`, `year`) VALUES ("Astro boy", 1952);

```

public *boolean* **update** (*string* | *array* $table, *array* $fields, *array* $values, [*string* | *array* $whereCondition], [*array* $dataTypes]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Updates data on a table using custom RBDM SQL syntax

```php
<?php

// Updating existing robot
$success = $connection->update(
"robots",
["name"],
["New Astro Boy"],
"id = 101"
);

// Next SQL sentence is sent to the database system
UPDATE `robots` SET `name` = "Astro boy" WHERE id = 101

// Updating existing robot with array condition and $dataTypes
$success = $connection->update(
"robots",
["name"],
["New Astro Boy"],
[
    "conditions" => "id = ?",
    "bind"       => [$some_unsafe_id],
    "bindTypes"  => [PDO::PARAM_INT], // use only if you use $dataTypes param
],
[
    PDO::PARAM_STR
]
);

```
Warning! If $whereCondition is string it not escaped.

public *boolean* **updateAsDict** (*string* $table, *array* $data, [*string* $whereCondition], [*array* $dataTypes]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Updates data on a table using custom RBDM SQL syntax
Another, more convenient syntax

```php
<?php

// Updating existing robot
$success = $connection->updateAsDict(
"robots",
[
    "name" => "New Astro Boy",
],
"id = 101"
);

// Next SQL sentence is sent to the database system
UPDATE `robots` SET `name` = "Astro boy" WHERE id = 101

```

public *boolean* **delete** (*string* | *array* $table, [*string* $whereCondition], [*array* $placeholders], [*array* $dataTypes]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Deletes data from a table using custom RBDM SQL syntax

```php
<?php

// Deleting existing robot
$success = $connection->delete(
"robots",
"id = 101"
);

// Next SQL sentence is generated
DELETE FROM `robots` WHERE `id` = 101

```

public  **escapeIdentifier** (*array* | *string* $identifier) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Escapes a column/table/schema name

```php
<?php

$escapedTable = $connection->escapeIdentifier(
"robots"
);

$escapedTable = $connection->escapeIdentifier(
[
    "store",
    "robots",
]
);

```

public *string* **getColumnList** (*array* $columnList) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Gets a list of columns

public  **limit** (*mixed* $sqlQuery, *mixed* $number) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Appends a LIMIT clause to $sqlQuery argument

```php
<?php

echo $connection->limit("SELECT * FROM robots", 5);

```

public  **tableExists** (*mixed* $tableName, [*mixed* $schemaName]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Generates SQL checking for the existence of a schema.table

```php
<?php

var_dump(
$connection->tableExists("blog", "posts")
);

```

public  **viewExists** (*mixed* $viewName, [*mixed* $schemaName]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Generates SQL checking for the existence of a schema.view

```php
<?php

var_dump(
$connection->viewExists("active_users", "posts")
);

```

public  **forUpdate** (*mixed* $sqlQuery) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns a SQL modified with a FOR UPDATE clause

public  **sharedLock** (*mixed* $sqlQuery) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns a SQL modified with a LOCK IN SHARE MODE clause

public  **dropTable** (*mixed* $tableName, [*mixed* $schemaName], [*mixed* $ifExists]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Drops a table from a schema/database

public  **createView** (*mixed* $viewName, *array* $definition, [*mixed* $schemaName]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Creates a view

public  **dropView** (*mixed* $viewName, [*mixed* $schemaName], [*mixed* $ifExists]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Drops a view

public  **addColumn** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, [Phalcon\Db\ColumnInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $column) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Adds a column to a table

public  **dropColumn** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, *mixed* $columnName) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Drops a column from a table

public  **addIndex** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, [Phalcon\Db\IndexInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $index) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Adds an index to a table

public  **dropIndex** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, *mixed* $indexName) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Drop an index from a table

public  **addPrimaryKey** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, [Phalcon\Db\IndexInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $index) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Adds a primary key to a table

public  **dropPrimaryKey** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Drops a table's primary key

public  **addForeignKey** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, [Phalcon\Db\ReferenceInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $reference) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Adds a foreign key to a table

public  **dropForeignKey** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, *mixed* $referenceName) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Drops a foreign key from a table

public  **getColumnDefinition** ([Phalcon\Db\ColumnInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $column) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns the SQL column definition from a column

public  **listTables** ([*mixed* $schemaName]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

List all tables on a database

```php
<?php

print_r(
$connection->listTables("blog")
);

```

public  **listViews** ([*mixed* $schemaName]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

List all views on a database

```php
<?php

print_r(
$connection->listViews("blog")
);

```

public [Phalcon\Db\Index](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) **describeIndexes** (*string* $table, [*string* $schema]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Lists table indexes

```php
<?php

print_r(
$connection->describeIndexes("robots_parts")
);

```

public  **describeReferences** (*mixed* $table, [*mixed* $schema]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Lists table references

```php
<?php

print_r(
$connection->describeReferences("robots_parts")
);

```

public  **tableOptions** (*mixed* $tableName, [*mixed* $schemaName]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Gets creation options from a table

```php
<?php

print_r(
$connection->tableOptions("robots")
);

```

public  **createSavepoint** (*mixed* $name) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Creates a new savepoint

public  **releaseSavepoint** (*mixed* $name) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Releases given savepoint

public  **rollbackSavepoint** (*mixed* $name) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Rollbacks given savepoint

public  **setNestedTransactionsWithSavepoints** (*mixed* $nestedTransactionsWithSavepoints) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Set if nested transactions should use savepoints

public  **isNestedTransactionsWithSavepoints** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns if nested transactions should use savepoints

public  **getNestedTransactionSavepointName** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns the savepoint name to use for nested transactions

public  **getDefaultValue** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns the default value to make the RBDM use the default value declared in the table definition

```php
<?php

// Inserting a new robot with a valid default value for the column 'year'
$success = $connection->insert(
"robots",
[
    "Astro Boy",
    $connection->getDefaultValue()
],
[
    "name",
    "year",
]
);

```

public  **getDescriptor** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Return descriptor used to connect to the active database

public *string* **getConnectionId** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Gets the active connection unique identifier

public  **getSQLStatement** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Active SQL statement in the object

public  **getRealSQLStatement** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Active SQL statement in the object without replace bound parameters

public *array* **getSQLBindTypes** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Active SQL statement in the object

<hr />

# Class **Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo\Sqlite**

*extends* abstract class [Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

*implements* [Phalcon\Db\AdapterInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/), [Phalcon\Events\EventsAwareInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_events/)

<a href="https://github.com/phalcon/cphalcon/tree/v3.4.0/phalcon/db/adapter/pdo/sqlite.zep" class="btn btn-default btn-sm">Source on GitHub</a>

Specific functions for the Sqlite database system

```php
<?php

use Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo\Sqlite;

$connection = new Sqlite(
[
    "dbname" => "/tmp/test.sqlite",
]
);

```

## Methods
public  **connect** ([*array* $descriptor])

This method is automatically called in Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo constructor.
Call it when you need to restore a database connection.

public  **describeColumns** (*mixed* $table, [*mixed* $schema])

Returns an array of Phalcon\Db\Column objects describing a table

```php
<?php

print_r(
$connection->describeColumns("posts")
);

```

public [Phalcon\Db\IndexInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) **describeIndexes** (*string* $table, [*string* $schema])

Lists table indexes

```php
<?php

print_r(
$connection->describeIndexes("robots_parts")
);

```

public [Phalcon\Db\ReferenceInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) **describeReferences** (*string* $table, [*string* $schema])

Lists table references

public  **useExplicitIdValue** ()

Check whether the database system requires an explicit value for identity columns

public  **getDefaultValue** ()

Returns the default value to make the RBDM use the default value declared in the table definition

```php
<?php

// Inserting a new robot with a valid default value for the column 'year'
$success = $connection->insert(
"robots",
[
    "Astro Boy",
    $connection->getDefaultValue(),
],
[
    "name",
    "year",
]
);

```

public  **__construct** (*array* $descriptor) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Constructor for Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo

public  **prepare** (*mixed* $sqlStatement) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns a PDO prepared statement to be executed with 'executePrepared'

```php
<?php

use Phalcon\Db\Column;

$statement = $db->prepare(
"SELECT * FROM robots WHERE name = :name"
);

$result = $connection->executePrepared(
$statement,
[
    "name" => "Voltron",
],
[
    "name" => Column::BIND_PARAM_INT,
]
);

```

public [PDOStatement](https://php.net/manual/en/class.pdostatement.php) **executePrepared** ([PDOStatement](https://php.net/manual/en/class.pdostatement.php) $statement, *array* $placeholders, *array* $dataTypes) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Executes a prepared statement binding. This function uses integer indexes starting from zero

```php
<?php

use Phalcon\Db\Column;

$statement = $db->prepare(
"SELECT * FROM robots WHERE name = :name"
);

$result = $connection->executePrepared(
$statement,
[
    "name" => "Voltron",
],
[
    "name" => Column::BIND_PARAM_INT,
]
);

```

public  **query** (*mixed* $sqlStatement, [*mixed* $bindParams], [*mixed* $bindTypes]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Sends SQL statements to the database server returning the success state.
Use this method only when the SQL statement sent to the server is returning rows

```php
<?php

// Querying data
$resultset = $connection->query(
"SELECT * FROM robots WHERE type = 'mechanical'"
);

$resultset = $connection->query(
"SELECT * FROM robots WHERE type = ?",
[
    "mechanical",
]
);

```

public  **execute** (*mixed* $sqlStatement, [*mixed* $bindParams], [*mixed* $bindTypes]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Sends SQL statements to the database server returning the success state.
Use this method only when the SQL statement sent to the server doesn't return any rows

```php
<?php

// Inserting data
$success = $connection->execute(
"INSERT INTO robots VALUES (1, 'Astro Boy')"
);

$success = $connection->execute(
"INSERT INTO robots VALUES (?, ?)",
[
    1,
    "Astro Boy",
]
);

```

public  **affectedRows** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns the number of affected rows by the latest INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE executed in the database system

```php
<?php

$connection->execute(
"DELETE FROM robots"
);

echo $connection->affectedRows(), " were deleted";

```

public  **close** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Closes the active connection returning success. Phalcon automatically closes and destroys
active connections when the request ends

public  **escapeString** (*mixed* $str) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Escapes a value to avoid SQL injections according to the active charset in the connection

```php
<?php

$escapedStr = $connection->escapeString("some dangerous value");

```

public  **convertBoundParams** (*mixed* $sql, [*array* $params]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Converts bound parameters such as :name: or ?1 into PDO bind params ?

```php
<?php

print_r(
$connection->convertBoundParams(
    "SELECT * FROM robots WHERE name = :name:",
    [
        "Bender",
    ]
)
);

```

public *int* | *boolean* **lastInsertId** ([*string* $sequenceName]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns the insert id for the auto_increment/serial column inserted in the latest executed SQL statement

```php
<?php

// Inserting a new robot
$success = $connection->insert(
"robots",
[
    "Astro Boy",
    1952,
],
[
    "name",
    "year",
]
);

// Getting the generated id
$id = $connection->lastInsertId();

```

public  **begin** ([*mixed* $nesting]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Starts a transaction in the connection

public  **rollback** ([*mixed* $nesting]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Rollbacks the active transaction in the connection

public  **commit** ([*mixed* $nesting]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Commits the active transaction in the connection

public  **getTransactionLevel** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns the current transaction nesting level

public  **isUnderTransaction** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Checks whether the connection is under a transaction

```php
<?php

$connection->begin();

// true
var_dump(
$connection->isUnderTransaction()
);

```

public  **getInternalHandler** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Return internal PDO handler

public *array* **getErrorInfo** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter\Pdo](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Return the error info, if any

public  **getDialectType** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Name of the dialect used

public  **getType** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Type of database system the adapter is used for

public  **getSqlVariables** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Active SQL bound parameter variables

public  **setEventsManager** ([Phalcon\Events\ManagerInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_events/) $eventsManager) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Sets the event manager

public  **getEventsManager** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns the internal event manager

public  **setDialect** ([Phalcon\Db\DialectInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $dialect) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Sets the dialect used to produce the SQL

public  **getDialect** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns internal dialect instance

public  **fetchOne** (*mixed* $sqlQuery, [*mixed* $fetchMode], [*mixed* $bindParams], [*mixed* $bindTypes]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns the first row in a SQL query result

```php
<?php

// Getting first robot
$robot = $connection->fetchOne("SELECT * FROM robots");
print_r($robot);

// Getting first robot with associative indexes only
$robot = $connection->fetchOne("SELECT * FROM robots", \Phalcon\Db::FETCH_ASSOC);
print_r($robot);

```

public *array* **fetchAll** (*string* $sqlQuery, [*int* $fetchMode], [*array* $bindParams], [*array* $bindTypes]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Dumps the complete result of a query into an array

```php
<?php

// Getting all robots with associative indexes only
$robots = $connection->fetchAll(
"SELECT * FROM robots",
\Phalcon\Db::FETCH_ASSOC
);

foreach ($robots as $robot) {
print_r($robot);
}

 // Getting all robots that contains word "robot" withing the name
$robots = $connection->fetchAll(
"SELECT * FROM robots WHERE name LIKE :name",
\Phalcon\Db::FETCH_ASSOC,
[
    "name" => "%robot%",
]
);
foreach($robots as $robot) {
print_r($robot);
}

```

public *string* | ** **fetchColumn** (*string* $sqlQuery, [*array* $placeholders], [*int* | *string* $column]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns the n'th field of first row in a SQL query result

```php
<?php

// Getting count of robots
$robotsCount = $connection->fetchColumn("SELECT count(*) FROM robots");
print_r($robotsCount);

// Getting name of last edited robot
$robot = $connection->fetchColumn(
"SELECT id, name FROM robots order by modified desc",
1
);
print_r($robot);

```

public *boolean* **insert** (*string* | *array* $table, *array* $values, [*array* $fields], [*array* $dataTypes]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Inserts data into a table using custom RDBMS SQL syntax

```php
<?php

// Inserting a new robot
$success = $connection->insert(
"robots",
["Astro Boy", 1952],
["name", "year"]
);

// Next SQL sentence is sent to the database system
INSERT INTO `robots` (`name`, `year`) VALUES ("Astro boy", 1952);

```

public *boolean* **insertAsDict** (*string* $table, *array* $data, [*array* $dataTypes]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Inserts data into a table using custom RBDM SQL syntax

```php
<?php

// Inserting a new robot
$success = $connection->insertAsDict(
"robots",
[
    "name" => "Astro Boy",
    "year" => 1952,
]
);

// Next SQL sentence is sent to the database system
INSERT INTO `robots` (`name`, `year`) VALUES ("Astro boy", 1952);

```

public *boolean* **update** (*string* | *array* $table, *array* $fields, *array* $values, [*string* | *array* $whereCondition], [*array* $dataTypes]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Updates data on a table using custom RBDM SQL syntax

```php
<?php

// Updating existing robot
$success = $connection->update(
"robots",
["name"],
["New Astro Boy"],
"id = 101"
);

// Next SQL sentence is sent to the database system
UPDATE `robots` SET `name` = "Astro boy" WHERE id = 101

// Updating existing robot with array condition and $dataTypes
$success = $connection->update(
"robots",
["name"],
["New Astro Boy"],
[
    "conditions" => "id = ?",
    "bind"       => [$some_unsafe_id],
    "bindTypes"  => [PDO::PARAM_INT], // use only if you use $dataTypes param
],
[
    PDO::PARAM_STR
]
);

```
Warning! If $whereCondition is string it not escaped.

public *boolean* **updateAsDict** (*string* $table, *array* $data, [*string* $whereCondition], [*array* $dataTypes]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Updates data on a table using custom RBDM SQL syntax
Another, more convenient syntax

```php
<?php

// Updating existing robot
$success = $connection->updateAsDict(
"robots",
[
    "name" => "New Astro Boy",
],
"id = 101"
);

// Next SQL sentence is sent to the database system
UPDATE `robots` SET `name` = "Astro boy" WHERE id = 101

```

public *boolean* **delete** (*string* | *array* $table, [*string* $whereCondition], [*array* $placeholders], [*array* $dataTypes]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Deletes data from a table using custom RBDM SQL syntax

```php
<?php

// Deleting existing robot
$success = $connection->delete(
"robots",
"id = 101"
);

// Next SQL sentence is generated
DELETE FROM `robots` WHERE `id` = 101

```

public  **escapeIdentifier** (*array* | *string* $identifier) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Escapes a column/table/schema name

```php
<?php

$escapedTable = $connection->escapeIdentifier(
"robots"
);

$escapedTable = $connection->escapeIdentifier(
[
    "store",
    "robots",
]
);

```

public *string* **getColumnList** (*array* $columnList) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Gets a list of columns

public  **limit** (*mixed* $sqlQuery, *mixed* $number) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Appends a LIMIT clause to $sqlQuery argument

```php
<?php

echo $connection->limit("SELECT * FROM robots", 5);

```

public  **tableExists** (*mixed* $tableName, [*mixed* $schemaName]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Generates SQL checking for the existence of a schema.table

```php
<?php

var_dump(
$connection->tableExists("blog", "posts")
);

```

public  **viewExists** (*mixed* $viewName, [*mixed* $schemaName]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Generates SQL checking for the existence of a schema.view

```php
<?php

var_dump(
$connection->viewExists("active_users", "posts")
);

```

public  **forUpdate** (*mixed* $sqlQuery) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns a SQL modified with a FOR UPDATE clause

public  **sharedLock** (*mixed* $sqlQuery) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns a SQL modified with a LOCK IN SHARE MODE clause

public  **createTable** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, *array* $definition) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Creates a table

public  **dropTable** (*mixed* $tableName, [*mixed* $schemaName], [*mixed* $ifExists]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Drops a table from a schema/database

public  **createView** (*mixed* $viewName, *array* $definition, [*mixed* $schemaName]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Creates a view

public  **dropView** (*mixed* $viewName, [*mixed* $schemaName], [*mixed* $ifExists]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Drops a view

public  **addColumn** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, [Phalcon\Db\ColumnInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $column) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Adds a column to a table

public  **modifyColumn** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, [Phalcon\Db\ColumnInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $column, [[Phalcon\Db\ColumnInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $currentColumn]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Modifies a table column based on a definition

public  **dropColumn** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, *mixed* $columnName) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Drops a column from a table

public  **addIndex** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, [Phalcon\Db\IndexInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $index) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Adds an index to a table

public  **dropIndex** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, *mixed* $indexName) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Drop an index from a table

public  **addPrimaryKey** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, [Phalcon\Db\IndexInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $index) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Adds a primary key to a table

public  **dropPrimaryKey** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Drops a table's primary key

public  **addForeignKey** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, [Phalcon\Db\ReferenceInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $reference) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Adds a foreign key to a table

public  **dropForeignKey** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, *mixed* $referenceName) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Drops a foreign key from a table

public  **getColumnDefinition** ([Phalcon\Db\ColumnInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $column) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns the SQL column definition from a column

public  **listTables** ([*mixed* $schemaName]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

List all tables on a database

```php
<?php

print_r(
$connection->listTables("blog")
);

```

public  **listViews** ([*mixed* $schemaName]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

List all views on a database

```php
<?php

print_r(
$connection->listViews("blog")
);

```

public  **tableOptions** (*mixed* $tableName, [*mixed* $schemaName]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Gets creation options from a table

```php
<?php

print_r(
$connection->tableOptions("robots")
);

```

public  **createSavepoint** (*mixed* $name) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Creates a new savepoint

public  **releaseSavepoint** (*mixed* $name) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Releases given savepoint

public  **rollbackSavepoint** (*mixed* $name) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Rollbacks given savepoint

public  **setNestedTransactionsWithSavepoints** (*mixed* $nestedTransactionsWithSavepoints) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Set if nested transactions should use savepoints

public  **isNestedTransactionsWithSavepoints** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns if nested transactions should use savepoints

public  **getNestedTransactionSavepointName** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns the savepoint name to use for nested transactions

public  **getDefaultIdValue** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns the default identity value to be inserted in an identity column

```php
<?php

// Inserting a new robot with a valid default value for the column 'id'
$success = $connection->insert(
"robots",
[
    $connection->getDefaultIdValue(),
    "Astro Boy",
    1952,
],
[
    "id",
    "name",
    "year",
]
);

```

public  **supportSequences** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Check whether the database system requires a sequence to produce auto-numeric values

public  **getDescriptor** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Return descriptor used to connect to the active database

public *string* **getConnectionId** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Gets the active connection unique identifier

public  **getSQLStatement** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Active SQL statement in the object

public  **getRealSQLStatement** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Active SQL statement in the object without replace bound parameters

public *array* **getSQLBindTypes** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Adapter](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Active SQL statement in the object

<hr />

# Interface **Phalcon\Db\AdapterInterface**

<a href="https://github.com/phalcon/cphalcon/tree/v3.4.0/phalcon/db/adapterinterface.zep" class="btn btn-default btn-sm">Source on GitHub</a>

## Methods
abstract public  **fetchOne** (*mixed* $sqlQuery, [*mixed* $fetchMode], [*mixed* $placeholders])

...

abstract public  **fetchAll** (*mixed* $sqlQuery, [*mixed* $fetchMode], [*mixed* $placeholders])

...

abstract public  **insert** (*mixed* $table, *array* $values, [*mixed* $fields], [*mixed* $dataTypes])

...

abstract public  **update** (*mixed* $table, *mixed* $fields, *mixed* $values, [*mixed* $whereCondition], [*mixed* $dataTypes])

...

abstract public  **delete** (*mixed* $table, [*mixed* $whereCondition], [*mixed* $placeholders], [*mixed* $dataTypes])

...

abstract public  **getColumnList** (*mixed* $columnList)

...

abstract public  **limit** (*mixed* $sqlQuery, *mixed* $number)

...

abstract public  **tableExists** (*mixed* $tableName, [*mixed* $schemaName])

...

abstract public  **viewExists** (*mixed* $viewName, [*mixed* $schemaName])

...

abstract public  **forUpdate** (*mixed* $sqlQuery)

...

abstract public  **sharedLock** (*mixed* $sqlQuery)

...

abstract public  **createTable** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, *array* $definition)

...

abstract public  **dropTable** (*mixed* $tableName, [*mixed* $schemaName], [*mixed* $ifExists])

...

abstract public  **createView** (*mixed* $viewName, *array* $definition, [*mixed* $schemaName])

...

abstract public  **dropView** (*mixed* $viewName, [*mixed* $schemaName], [*mixed* $ifExists])

...

abstract public  **addColumn** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, [Phalcon\Db\ColumnInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $column)

...

abstract public  **modifyColumn** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, [Phalcon\Db\ColumnInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $column, [[Phalcon\Db\ColumnInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $currentColumn])

...

abstract public  **dropColumn** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, *mixed* $columnName)

...

abstract public  **addIndex** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, [Phalcon\Db\IndexInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $index)

...

abstract public  **dropIndex** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, *mixed* $indexName)

...

abstract public  **addPrimaryKey** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, [Phalcon\Db\IndexInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $index)

...

abstract public  **dropPrimaryKey** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName)

...

abstract public  **addForeignKey** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, [Phalcon\Db\ReferenceInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $reference)

...

abstract public  **dropForeignKey** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, *mixed* $referenceName)

...

abstract public  **getColumnDefinition** ([Phalcon\Db\ColumnInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $column)

...

abstract public  **listTables** ([*mixed* $schemaName])

...

abstract public  **listViews** ([*mixed* $schemaName])

...

abstract public  **getDescriptor** ()

...

abstract public  **getConnectionId** ()

...

abstract public  **getSQLStatement** ()

...

abstract public  **getRealSQLStatement** ()

...

abstract public  **getSQLVariables** ()

...

abstract public  **getSQLBindTypes** ()

...

abstract public  **getType** ()

...

abstract public  **getDialectType** ()

...

abstract public  **getDialect** ()

...

abstract public  **connect** ([*array* $descriptor])

...

abstract public  **query** (*mixed* $sqlStatement, [*mixed* $placeholders], [*mixed* $dataTypes])

...

abstract public  **execute** (*mixed* $sqlStatement, [*mixed* $placeholders], [*mixed* $dataTypes])

...

abstract public  **affectedRows** ()

...

abstract public  **close** ()

...

abstract public  **escapeIdentifier** (*mixed* $identifier)

...

abstract public  **escapeString** (*mixed* $str)

...

abstract public  **lastInsertId** ([*mixed* $sequenceName])

...

abstract public  **begin** ([*mixed* $nesting])

...

abstract public  **rollback** ([*mixed* $nesting])

...

abstract public  **commit** ([*mixed* $nesting])

...

abstract public  **isUnderTransaction** ()

...

abstract public  **getInternalHandler** ()

...

abstract public  **describeIndexes** (*mixed* $table, [*mixed* $schema])

...

abstract public  **describeReferences** (*mixed* $table, [*mixed* $schema])

...

abstract public  **tableOptions** (*mixed* $tableName, [*mixed* $schemaName])

...

abstract public  **useExplicitIdValue** ()

...

abstract public  **getDefaultIdValue** ()

...

abstract public  **supportSequences** ()

...

abstract public  **createSavepoint** (*mixed* $name)

...

abstract public  **releaseSavepoint** (*mixed* $name)

...

abstract public  **rollbackSavepoint** (*mixed* $name)

...

abstract public  **setNestedTransactionsWithSavepoints** (*mixed* $nestedTransactionsWithSavepoints)

...

abstract public  **isNestedTransactionsWithSavepoints** ()

...

abstract public  **getNestedTransactionSavepointName** ()

...

abstract public  **describeColumns** (*mixed* $table, [*mixed* $schema])

...

<hr />

# Class **Phalcon\Db\Column**

*implements* [Phalcon\Db\ColumnInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

<a href="https://github.com/phalcon/cphalcon/tree/v3.4.0/phalcon/db/column.zep" class="btn btn-default btn-sm">Source on GitHub</a>

Allows to define columns to be used on create or alter table operations

```php
<?php

use Phalcon\Db\Column as Column;

// Column definition
$column = new Column(
"id",
[
    "type"          => Column::TYPE_INTEGER,
    "size"          => 10,
    "unsigned"      => true,
    "notNull"       => true,
    "autoIncrement" => true,
    "first"         => true,
]
);

// Add column to existing table
$connection->addColumn("robots", null, $column);

```

## Constants
*integer* **TYPE_INTEGER**

*integer* **TYPE_DATE**

*integer* **TYPE_VARCHAR**

*integer* **TYPE_DECIMAL**

*integer* **TYPE_DATETIME**

*integer* **TYPE_CHAR**

*integer* **TYPE_TEXT**

*integer* **TYPE_FLOAT**

*integer* **TYPE_BOOLEAN**

*integer* **TYPE_DOUBLE**

*integer* **TYPE_TINYBLOB**

*integer* **TYPE_BLOB**

*integer* **TYPE_MEDIUMBLOB**

*integer* **TYPE_LONGBLOB**

*integer* **TYPE_BIGINTEGER**

*integer* **TYPE_JSON**

*integer* **TYPE_JSONB**

*integer* **TYPE_TIMESTAMP**

*integer* **BIND_PARAM_NULL**

*integer* **BIND_PARAM_INT**

*integer* **BIND_PARAM_STR**

*integer* **BIND_PARAM_BLOB**

*integer* **BIND_PARAM_BOOL**

*integer* **BIND_PARAM_DECIMAL**

*integer* **BIND_SKIP**

## Methods
public  **getName** ()

Column's name

public  **getSchemaName** ()

Schema which table related is

public  **getType** ()

Column data type

public  **getTypeReference** ()

Column data type reference

public  **getTypeValues** ()

Column data type values

public  **getSize** ()

Integer column size

public  **getScale** ()

Integer column number scale

public  **getDefault** ()

Default column value

public  **__construct** (*mixed* $name, *array* $definition)

Phalcon\Db\Column constructor

public  **isUnsigned** ()

Returns true if number column is unsigned

public  **isNotNull** ()

Not null

public  **isPrimary** ()

Column is part of the primary key?

public  **isAutoIncrement** ()

Auto-Increment

public  **isNumeric** ()

Check whether column have an numeric type

public  **isFirst** ()

Check whether column have first position in table

public *string* **getAfterPosition** ()

Check whether field absolute to position in table

public  **getBindType** ()

Returns the type of bind handling

public static  **__set_state** (*array* $data)

Restores the internal state of a Phalcon\Db\Column object

public  **hasDefault** ()

Check whether column has default value

<hr />

# Interface **Phalcon\Db\ColumnInterface**

<a href="https://github.com/phalcon/cphalcon/tree/v3.4.0/phalcon/db/columninterface.zep" class="btn btn-default btn-sm">Source on GitHub</a>

## Methods
abstract public  **getSchemaName** ()

...

abstract public  **getName** ()

...

abstract public  **getType** ()

...

abstract public  **getTypeReference** ()

...

abstract public  **getTypeValues** ()

...

abstract public  **getSize** ()

...

abstract public  **getScale** ()

...

abstract public  **isUnsigned** ()

...

abstract public  **isNotNull** ()

...

abstract public  **isPrimary** ()

...

abstract public  **isAutoIncrement** ()

...

abstract public  **isNumeric** ()

...

abstract public  **isFirst** ()

...

abstract public  **getAfterPosition** ()

...

abstract public  **getBindType** ()

...

abstract public  **getDefault** ()

...

abstract public  **hasDefault** ()

...

abstract public static  **__set_state** (*array* $data)

...

<hr />

# Abstract class **Phalcon\Db\Dialect**

*implements* [Phalcon\Db\DialectInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

<a href="https://github.com/phalcon/cphalcon/tree/v3.4.0/phalcon/db/dialect.zep" class="btn btn-default btn-sm">Source on GitHub</a>

This is the base class to each database dialect. This implements
common methods to transform intermediate code into its RDBMS related syntax

## Methods
public  **registerCustomFunction** (*mixed* $name, *mixed* $customFunction)

Registers custom SQL functions

public  **getCustomFunctions** ()

Returns registered functions

final public  **escapeSchema** (*mixed* $str, [*mixed* $escapeChar])

Escape Schema

final public  **escape** (*mixed* $str, [*mixed* $escapeChar])

Escape identifiers

public  **limit** (*mixed* $sqlQuery, *mixed* $number)

Generates the SQL for LIMIT clause

```php
<?php

$sql = $dialect->limit("SELECT * FROM robots", 10);
echo $sql; // SELECT * FROM robots LIMIT 10

$sql = $dialect->limit("SELECT * FROM robots", [10, 50]);
echo $sql; // SELECT * FROM robots LIMIT 10 OFFSET 50

```

public  **forUpdate** (*mixed* $sqlQuery)

Returns a SQL modified with a FOR UPDATE clause

```php
<?php

$sql = $dialect->forUpdate("SELECT * FROM robots");
echo $sql; // SELECT * FROM robots FOR UPDATE

```

public  **sharedLock** (*mixed* $sqlQuery)

Returns a SQL modified with a LOCK IN SHARE MODE clause

```php
<?php

$sql = $dialect->sharedLock("SELECT * FROM robots");
echo $sql; // SELECT * FROM robots LOCK IN SHARE MODE

```

final public  **getColumnList** (*array* $columnList, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts])

Gets a list of columns with escaped identifiers

```php
<?php

echo $dialect->getColumnList(
[
    "column1",
    "column",
]
);

```

final public  **getSqlColumn** (*mixed* $column, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts])

Resolve Column expressions

public  **getSqlExpression** (*array* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts])

Transforms an intermediate representation for an expression into a database system valid expression

final public  **getSqlTable** (*mixed* $table, [*mixed* $escapeChar])

Transform an intermediate representation of a schema/table into a database system valid expression

public  **select** (*array* $definition)

Builds a SELECT statement

public  **supportsSavepoints** ()

Checks whether the platform supports savepoints

public  **supportsReleaseSavepoints** ()

Checks whether the platform supports releasing savepoints.

public  **createSavepoint** (*mixed* $name)

Generate SQL to create a new savepoint

public  **releaseSavepoint** (*mixed* $name)

Generate SQL to release a savepoint

public  **rollbackSavepoint** (*mixed* $name)

Generate SQL to rollback a savepoint

final protected  **getSqlExpressionScalar** (*array* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts])

Resolve Column expressions

final protected  **getSqlExpressionObject** (*array* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts])

Resolve object expressions

final protected  **getSqlExpressionQualified** (*array* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar])

Resolve qualified expressions

final protected  **getSqlExpressionBinaryOperations** (*array* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts])

Resolve binary operations expressions

final protected  **getSqlExpressionUnaryOperations** (*array* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts])

Resolve unary operations expressions

final protected  **getSqlExpressionFunctionCall** (*array* $expression, *mixed* $escapeChar, [*mixed* $bindCounts])

Resolve function calls

final protected  **getSqlExpressionList** (*array* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts])

Resolve Lists

final protected  **getSqlExpressionAll** (*array* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar])

Resolve *

final protected  **getSqlExpressionCastValue** (*array* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts])

Resolve CAST of values

final protected  **getSqlExpressionConvertValue** (*array* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts])

Resolve CONVERT of values encodings

final protected  **getSqlExpressionCase** (*array* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts])

Resolve CASE expressions

final protected  **getSqlExpressionFrom** (*mixed* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar])

Resolve a FROM clause

final protected  **getSqlExpressionJoins** (*mixed* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts])

Resolve a JOINs clause

final protected  **getSqlExpressionWhere** (*mixed* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts])

Resolve a WHERE clause

final protected  **getSqlExpressionGroupBy** (*mixed* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts])

Resolve a GROUP BY clause

final protected  **getSqlExpressionHaving** (*array* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts])

Resolve a HAVING clause

final protected  **getSqlExpressionOrderBy** (*mixed* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts])

Resolve an ORDER BY clause

final protected  **getSqlExpressionLimit** (*mixed* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts])

Resolve a LIMIT clause

protected  **prepareColumnAlias** (*mixed* $qualified, [*mixed* $alias], [*mixed* $escapeChar])

Prepares column for this RDBMS

protected  **prepareTable** (*mixed* $table, [*mixed* $schema], [*mixed* $alias], [*mixed* $escapeChar])

Prepares table for this RDBMS

protected  **prepareQualified** (*mixed* $column, [*mixed* $domain], [*mixed* $escapeChar])

Prepares qualified for this RDBMS

abstract public  **getColumnDefinition** ([Phalcon\Db\ColumnInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $column) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\DialectInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

...

abstract public  **addColumn** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, [Phalcon\Db\ColumnInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $column) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\DialectInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

...

abstract public  **modifyColumn** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, [Phalcon\Db\ColumnInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $column, [[Phalcon\Db\ColumnInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $currentColumn]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\DialectInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

...

abstract public  **dropColumn** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, *mixed* $columnName) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\DialectInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

...

abstract public  **addIndex** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, [Phalcon\Db\IndexInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $index) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\DialectInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

...

abstract public  **dropIndex** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, *mixed* $indexName) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\DialectInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

...

abstract public  **addPrimaryKey** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, [Phalcon\Db\IndexInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $index) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\DialectInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

...

abstract public  **dropPrimaryKey** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\DialectInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

...

abstract public  **addForeignKey** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, [Phalcon\Db\ReferenceInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $reference) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\DialectInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

...

abstract public  **dropForeignKey** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, *mixed* $referenceName) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\DialectInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

...

abstract public  **createTable** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, *array* $definition) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\DialectInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

...

abstract public  **createView** (*mixed* $viewName, *array* $definition, [*mixed* $schemaName]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\DialectInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

...

abstract public  **dropTable** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\DialectInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

...

abstract public  **dropView** (*mixed* $viewName, [*mixed* $schemaName], [*mixed* $ifExists]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\DialectInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

...

abstract public  **tableExists** (*mixed* $tableName, [*mixed* $schemaName]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\DialectInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

...

abstract public  **viewExists** (*mixed* $viewName, [*mixed* $schemaName]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\DialectInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

...

abstract public  **describeColumns** (*mixed* $table, [*mixed* $schema]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\DialectInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

...

abstract public  **listTables** ([*mixed* $schemaName]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\DialectInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

...

abstract public  **describeIndexes** (*mixed* $table, [*mixed* $schema]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\DialectInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

...

abstract public  **describeReferences** (*mixed* $table, [*mixed* $schema]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\DialectInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

...

abstract public  **tableOptions** (*mixed* $table, [*mixed* $schema]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\DialectInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

...

<hr />

# Class **Phalcon\Db\Dialect\Mysql**

*extends* abstract class [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

*implements* [Phalcon\Db\DialectInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

<a href="https://github.com/phalcon/cphalcon/tree/v3.4.0/phalcon/db/dialect/mysql.zep" class="btn btn-default btn-sm">Source on GitHub</a>

Generates database specific SQL for the MySQL RDBMS

## Methods
public  **getColumnDefinition** ([Phalcon\Db\ColumnInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $column)

Gets the column name in MySQL

public  **addColumn** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, [Phalcon\Db\ColumnInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $column)

Generates SQL to add a column to a table

public  **modifyColumn** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, [Phalcon\Db\ColumnInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $column, [[Phalcon\Db\ColumnInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $currentColumn])

Generates SQL to modify a column in a table

public  **dropColumn** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, *mixed* $columnName)

Generates SQL to delete a column from a table

public  **addIndex** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, [Phalcon\Db\IndexInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $index)

Generates SQL to add an index to a table

public  **dropIndex** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, *mixed* $indexName)

Generates SQL to delete an index from a table

public  **addPrimaryKey** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, [Phalcon\Db\IndexInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $index)

Generates SQL to add the primary key to a table

public  **dropPrimaryKey** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName)

Generates SQL to delete primary key from a table

public  **addForeignKey** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, [Phalcon\Db\ReferenceInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $reference)

Generates SQL to add an index to a table

public  **dropForeignKey** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, *mixed* $referenceName)

Generates SQL to delete a foreign key from a table

public  **createTable** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, *array* $definition)

Generates SQL to create a table

public  **truncateTable** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName)

Generates SQL to truncate a table

public  **dropTable** (*mixed* $tableName, [*mixed* $schemaName], [*mixed* $ifExists])

Generates SQL to drop a table

public  **createView** (*mixed* $viewName, *array* $definition, [*mixed* $schemaName])

Generates SQL to create a view

public  **dropView** (*mixed* $viewName, [*mixed* $schemaName], [*mixed* $ifExists])

Generates SQL to drop a view

public  **tableExists** (*mixed* $tableName, [*mixed* $schemaName])

Generates SQL checking for the existence of a schema.table

```php
<?php

echo $dialect->tableExists("posts", "blog");

echo $dialect->tableExists("posts");

```

public  **viewExists** (*mixed* $viewName, [*mixed* $schemaName])

Generates SQL checking for the existence of a schema.view

public  **describeColumns** (*mixed* $table, [*mixed* $schema])

Generates SQL describing a table

```php
<?php

print_r(
$dialect->describeColumns("posts")
);

```

public  **listTables** ([*mixed* $schemaName])

List all tables in database

```php
<?php

print_r(
$dialect->listTables("blog")
);

```

public  **listViews** ([*mixed* $schemaName])

Generates the SQL to list all views of a schema or user

public  **describeIndexes** (*mixed* $table, [*mixed* $schema])

Generates SQL to query indexes on a table

public  **describeReferences** (*mixed* $table, [*mixed* $schema])

Generates SQL to query foreign keys on a table

public  **tableOptions** (*mixed* $table, [*mixed* $schema])

Generates the SQL to describe the table creation options

protected  **_getTableOptions** (*array* $definition)

Generates SQL to add the table creation options

public  **registerCustomFunction** (*mixed* $name, *mixed* $customFunction) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Registers custom SQL functions

public  **getCustomFunctions** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns registered functions

final public  **escapeSchema** (*mixed* $str, [*mixed* $escapeChar]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Escape Schema

final public  **escape** (*mixed* $str, [*mixed* $escapeChar]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Escape identifiers

public  **limit** (*mixed* $sqlQuery, *mixed* $number) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Generates the SQL for LIMIT clause

```php
<?php

$sql = $dialect->limit("SELECT * FROM robots", 10);
echo $sql; // SELECT * FROM robots LIMIT 10

$sql = $dialect->limit("SELECT * FROM robots", [10, 50]);
echo $sql; // SELECT * FROM robots LIMIT 10 OFFSET 50

```

public  **forUpdate** (*mixed* $sqlQuery) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns a SQL modified with a FOR UPDATE clause

```php
<?php

$sql = $dialect->forUpdate("SELECT * FROM robots");
echo $sql; // SELECT * FROM robots FOR UPDATE

```

public  **sharedLock** (*mixed* $sqlQuery) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns a SQL modified with a LOCK IN SHARE MODE clause

```php
<?php

$sql = $dialect->sharedLock("SELECT * FROM robots");
echo $sql; // SELECT * FROM robots LOCK IN SHARE MODE

```

final public  **getColumnList** (*array* $columnList, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Gets a list of columns with escaped identifiers

```php
<?php

echo $dialect->getColumnList(
[
    "column1",
    "column",
]
);

```

final public  **getSqlColumn** (*mixed* $column, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve Column expressions

public  **getSqlExpression** (*array* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Transforms an intermediate representation for an expression into a database system valid expression

final public  **getSqlTable** (*mixed* $table, [*mixed* $escapeChar]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Transform an intermediate representation of a schema/table into a database system valid expression

public  **select** (*array* $definition) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Builds a SELECT statement

public  **supportsSavepoints** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Checks whether the platform supports savepoints

public  **supportsReleaseSavepoints** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Checks whether the platform supports releasing savepoints.

public  **createSavepoint** (*mixed* $name) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Generate SQL to create a new savepoint

public  **releaseSavepoint** (*mixed* $name) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Generate SQL to release a savepoint

public  **rollbackSavepoint** (*mixed* $name) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Generate SQL to rollback a savepoint

final protected  **getSqlExpressionScalar** (*array* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve Column expressions

final protected  **getSqlExpressionObject** (*array* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve object expressions

final protected  **getSqlExpressionQualified** (*array* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve qualified expressions

final protected  **getSqlExpressionBinaryOperations** (*array* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve binary operations expressions

final protected  **getSqlExpressionUnaryOperations** (*array* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve unary operations expressions

final protected  **getSqlExpressionFunctionCall** (*array* $expression, *mixed* $escapeChar, [*mixed* $bindCounts]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve function calls

final protected  **getSqlExpressionList** (*array* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve Lists

final protected  **getSqlExpressionAll** (*array* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve *

final protected  **getSqlExpressionCastValue** (*array* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve CAST of values

final protected  **getSqlExpressionConvertValue** (*array* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve CONVERT of values encodings

final protected  **getSqlExpressionCase** (*array* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve CASE expressions

final protected  **getSqlExpressionFrom** (*mixed* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve a FROM clause

final protected  **getSqlExpressionJoins** (*mixed* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve a JOINs clause

final protected  **getSqlExpressionWhere** (*mixed* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve a WHERE clause

final protected  **getSqlExpressionGroupBy** (*mixed* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve a GROUP BY clause

final protected  **getSqlExpressionHaving** (*array* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve a HAVING clause

final protected  **getSqlExpressionOrderBy** (*mixed* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve an ORDER BY clause

final protected  **getSqlExpressionLimit** (*mixed* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve a LIMIT clause

protected  **prepareColumnAlias** (*mixed* $qualified, [*mixed* $alias], [*mixed* $escapeChar]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Prepares column for this RDBMS

protected  **prepareTable** (*mixed* $table, [*mixed* $schema], [*mixed* $alias], [*mixed* $escapeChar]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Prepares table for this RDBMS

protected  **prepareQualified** (*mixed* $column, [*mixed* $domain], [*mixed* $escapeChar]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Prepares qualified for this RDBMS

<hr />

# Class **Phalcon\Db\Dialect\Postgresql**

*extends* abstract class [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

*implements* [Phalcon\Db\DialectInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

<a href="https://github.com/phalcon/cphalcon/tree/v3.4.0/phalcon/db/dialect/postgresql.zep" class="btn btn-default btn-sm">Source on GitHub</a>

Generates database specific SQL for the PostgreSQL RDBMS

## Methods
public  **getColumnDefinition** ([Phalcon\Db\ColumnInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $column)

Gets the column name in PostgreSQL

public  **addColumn** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, [Phalcon\Db\ColumnInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $column)

Generates SQL to add a column to a table

public  **modifyColumn** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, [Phalcon\Db\ColumnInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $column, [[Phalcon\Db\ColumnInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $currentColumn])

Generates SQL to modify a column in a table

public  **dropColumn** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, *mixed* $columnName)

Generates SQL to delete a column from a table

public  **addIndex** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, [Phalcon\Db\IndexInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $index)

Generates SQL to add an index to a table

public  **dropIndex** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, *mixed* $indexName)

Generates SQL to delete an index from a table

public  **addPrimaryKey** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, [Phalcon\Db\IndexInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $index)

Generates SQL to add the primary key to a table

public  **dropPrimaryKey** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName)

Generates SQL to delete primary key from a table

public  **addForeignKey** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, [Phalcon\Db\ReferenceInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $reference)

Generates SQL to add an index to a table

public  **dropForeignKey** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, *mixed* $referenceName)

Generates SQL to delete a foreign key from a table

public  **createTable** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, *array* $definition)

Generates SQL to create a table

public  **truncateTable** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName)

Generates SQL to truncate a table

public  **dropTable** (*mixed* $tableName, [*mixed* $schemaName], [*mixed* $ifExists])

Generates SQL to drop a table

public  **createView** (*mixed* $viewName, *array* $definition, [*mixed* $schemaName])

Generates SQL to create a view

public  **dropView** (*mixed* $viewName, [*mixed* $schemaName], [*mixed* $ifExists])

Generates SQL to drop a view

public  **tableExists** (*mixed* $tableName, [*mixed* $schemaName])

Generates SQL checking for the existence of a schema.table

```php
<?php

echo $dialect->tableExists("posts", "blog");

echo $dialect->tableExists("posts");

```

public  **viewExists** (*mixed* $viewName, [*mixed* $schemaName])

Generates SQL checking for the existence of a schema.view

public  **describeColumns** (*mixed* $table, [*mixed* $schema])

Generates SQL describing a table

```php
<?php

print_r(
$dialect->describeColumns("posts")
);

```

public  **listTables** ([*mixed* $schemaName])

List all tables in database

```php
<?php

print_r(
$dialect->listTables("blog")
);

```

public *string* **listViews** ([*string* $schemaName])

Generates the SQL to list all views of a schema or user

public  **describeIndexes** (*mixed* $table, [*mixed* $schema])

Generates SQL to query indexes on a table

public  **describeReferences** (*mixed* $table, [*mixed* $schema])

Generates SQL to query foreign keys on a table

public  **tableOptions** (*mixed* $table, [*mixed* $schema])

Generates the SQL to describe the table creation options

protected  **_castDefault** ([Phalcon\Db\ColumnInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $column)

...

protected  **_getTableOptions** (*array* $definition)

...

public  **registerCustomFunction** (*mixed* $name, *mixed* $customFunction) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Registers custom SQL functions

public  **getCustomFunctions** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns registered functions

final public  **escapeSchema** (*mixed* $str, [*mixed* $escapeChar]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Escape Schema

final public  **escape** (*mixed* $str, [*mixed* $escapeChar]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Escape identifiers

public  **limit** (*mixed* $sqlQuery, *mixed* $number) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Generates the SQL for LIMIT clause

```php
<?php

$sql = $dialect->limit("SELECT * FROM robots", 10);
echo $sql; // SELECT * FROM robots LIMIT 10

$sql = $dialect->limit("SELECT * FROM robots", [10, 50]);
echo $sql; // SELECT * FROM robots LIMIT 10 OFFSET 50

```

public  **forUpdate** (*mixed* $sqlQuery) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns a SQL modified with a FOR UPDATE clause

```php
<?php

$sql = $dialect->forUpdate("SELECT * FROM robots");
echo $sql; // SELECT * FROM robots FOR UPDATE

```

public  **sharedLock** (*mixed* $sqlQuery) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns a SQL modified with a LOCK IN SHARE MODE clause

```php
<?php

$sql = $dialect->sharedLock("SELECT * FROM robots");
echo $sql; // SELECT * FROM robots LOCK IN SHARE MODE

```

final public  **getColumnList** (*array* $columnList, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Gets a list of columns with escaped identifiers

```php
<?php

echo $dialect->getColumnList(
[
    "column1",
    "column",
]
);

```

final public  **getSqlColumn** (*mixed* $column, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve Column expressions

public  **getSqlExpression** (*array* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Transforms an intermediate representation for an expression into a database system valid expression

final public  **getSqlTable** (*mixed* $table, [*mixed* $escapeChar]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Transform an intermediate representation of a schema/table into a database system valid expression

public  **select** (*array* $definition) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Builds a SELECT statement

public  **supportsSavepoints** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Checks whether the platform supports savepoints

public  **supportsReleaseSavepoints** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Checks whether the platform supports releasing savepoints.

public  **createSavepoint** (*mixed* $name) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Generate SQL to create a new savepoint

public  **releaseSavepoint** (*mixed* $name) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Generate SQL to release a savepoint

public  **rollbackSavepoint** (*mixed* $name) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Generate SQL to rollback a savepoint

final protected  **getSqlExpressionScalar** (*array* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve Column expressions

final protected  **getSqlExpressionObject** (*array* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve object expressions

final protected  **getSqlExpressionQualified** (*array* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve qualified expressions

final protected  **getSqlExpressionBinaryOperations** (*array* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve binary operations expressions

final protected  **getSqlExpressionUnaryOperations** (*array* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve unary operations expressions

final protected  **getSqlExpressionFunctionCall** (*array* $expression, *mixed* $escapeChar, [*mixed* $bindCounts]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve function calls

final protected  **getSqlExpressionList** (*array* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve Lists

final protected  **getSqlExpressionAll** (*array* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve *

final protected  **getSqlExpressionCastValue** (*array* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve CAST of values

final protected  **getSqlExpressionConvertValue** (*array* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve CONVERT of values encodings

final protected  **getSqlExpressionCase** (*array* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve CASE expressions

final protected  **getSqlExpressionFrom** (*mixed* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve a FROM clause

final protected  **getSqlExpressionJoins** (*mixed* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve a JOINs clause

final protected  **getSqlExpressionWhere** (*mixed* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve a WHERE clause

final protected  **getSqlExpressionGroupBy** (*mixed* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve a GROUP BY clause

final protected  **getSqlExpressionHaving** (*array* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve a HAVING clause

final protected  **getSqlExpressionOrderBy** (*mixed* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve an ORDER BY clause

final protected  **getSqlExpressionLimit** (*mixed* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve a LIMIT clause

protected  **prepareColumnAlias** (*mixed* $qualified, [*mixed* $alias], [*mixed* $escapeChar]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Prepares column for this RDBMS

protected  **prepareTable** (*mixed* $table, [*mixed* $schema], [*mixed* $alias], [*mixed* $escapeChar]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Prepares table for this RDBMS

protected  **prepareQualified** (*mixed* $column, [*mixed* $domain], [*mixed* $escapeChar]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Prepares qualified for this RDBMS

<hr />

# Class **Phalcon\Db\Dialect\Sqlite**

*extends* abstract class [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

*implements* [Phalcon\Db\DialectInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

<a href="https://github.com/phalcon/cphalcon/tree/v3.4.0/phalcon/db/dialect/sqlite.zep" class="btn btn-default btn-sm">Source on GitHub</a>

Generates database specific SQL for the Sqlite RDBMS

## Methods
public  **getColumnDefinition** ([Phalcon\Db\ColumnInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $column)

Gets the column name in SQLite

public  **addColumn** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, [Phalcon\Db\ColumnInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $column)

Generates SQL to add a column to a table

public  **modifyColumn** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, [Phalcon\Db\ColumnInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $column, [[Phalcon\Db\ColumnInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $currentColumn])

Generates SQL to modify a column in a table

public  **dropColumn** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, *mixed* $columnName)

Generates SQL to delete a column from a table

public  **addIndex** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, [Phalcon\Db\IndexInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $index)

Generates SQL to add an index to a table

public  **dropIndex** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, *mixed* $indexName)

Generates SQL to delete an index from a table

public  **addPrimaryKey** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, [Phalcon\Db\IndexInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $index)

Generates SQL to add the primary key to a table

public  **dropPrimaryKey** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName)

Generates SQL to delete primary key from a table

public  **addForeignKey** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, [Phalcon\Db\ReferenceInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $reference)

Generates SQL to add an index to a table

public  **dropForeignKey** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, *mixed* $referenceName)

Generates SQL to delete a foreign key from a table

public  **createTable** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, *array* $definition)

Generates SQL to create a table

public  **truncateTable** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName)

Generates SQL to truncate a table

public  **dropTable** (*mixed* $tableName, [*mixed* $schemaName], [*mixed* $ifExists])

Generates SQL to drop a table

public  **createView** (*mixed* $viewName, *array* $definition, [*mixed* $schemaName])

Generates SQL to create a view

public  **dropView** (*mixed* $viewName, [*mixed* $schemaName], [*mixed* $ifExists])

Generates SQL to drop a view

public  **tableExists** (*mixed* $tableName, [*mixed* $schemaName])

Generates SQL checking for the existence of a schema.table

```php
<?php

echo $dialect->tableExists("posts", "blog");

echo $dialect->tableExists("posts");

```

public  **viewExists** (*mixed* $viewName, [*mixed* $schemaName])

Generates SQL checking for the existence of a schema.view

public  **describeColumns** (*mixed* $table, [*mixed* $schema])

Generates SQL describing a table

```php
<?php

print_r(
$dialect->describeColumns("posts")
);

```

public  **listTables** ([*mixed* $schemaName])

List all tables in database

```php
<?php

print_r(
$dialect->listTables("blog")
);

```

public  **listViews** ([*mixed* $schemaName])

Generates the SQL to list all views of a schema or user

public  **listIndexesSql** (*mixed* $table, [*mixed* $schema], [*mixed* $keyName])

Generates the SQL to get query list of indexes

```php
<?php

print_r(
$dialect->listIndexesSql("blog")
);

```

public  **describeIndexes** (*mixed* $table, [*mixed* $schema])

Generates SQL to query indexes on a table

public  **describeIndex** (*mixed* $index)

Generates SQL to query indexes detail on a table

public  **describeReferences** (*mixed* $table, [*mixed* $schema])

Generates SQL to query foreign keys on a table

public  **tableOptions** (*mixed* $table, [*mixed* $schema])

Generates the SQL to describe the table creation options

public  **registerCustomFunction** (*mixed* $name, *mixed* $customFunction) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Registers custom SQL functions

public  **getCustomFunctions** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns registered functions

final public  **escapeSchema** (*mixed* $str, [*mixed* $escapeChar]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Escape Schema

final public  **escape** (*mixed* $str, [*mixed* $escapeChar]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Escape identifiers

public  **limit** (*mixed* $sqlQuery, *mixed* $number) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Generates the SQL for LIMIT clause

```php
<?php

$sql = $dialect->limit("SELECT * FROM robots", 10);
echo $sql; // SELECT * FROM robots LIMIT 10

$sql = $dialect->limit("SELECT * FROM robots", [10, 50]);
echo $sql; // SELECT * FROM robots LIMIT 10 OFFSET 50

```

public  **forUpdate** (*mixed* $sqlQuery) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns a SQL modified with a FOR UPDATE clause

```php
<?php

$sql = $dialect->forUpdate("SELECT * FROM robots");
echo $sql; // SELECT * FROM robots FOR UPDATE

```

public  **sharedLock** (*mixed* $sqlQuery) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Returns a SQL modified with a LOCK IN SHARE MODE clause

```php
<?php

$sql = $dialect->sharedLock("SELECT * FROM robots");
echo $sql; // SELECT * FROM robots LOCK IN SHARE MODE

```

final public  **getColumnList** (*array* $columnList, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Gets a list of columns with escaped identifiers

```php
<?php

echo $dialect->getColumnList(
[
    "column1",
    "column",
]
);

```

final public  **getSqlColumn** (*mixed* $column, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve Column expressions

public  **getSqlExpression** (*array* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Transforms an intermediate representation for an expression into a database system valid expression

final public  **getSqlTable** (*mixed* $table, [*mixed* $escapeChar]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Transform an intermediate representation of a schema/table into a database system valid expression

public  **select** (*array* $definition) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Builds a SELECT statement

public  **supportsSavepoints** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Checks whether the platform supports savepoints

public  **supportsReleaseSavepoints** () inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Checks whether the platform supports releasing savepoints.

public  **createSavepoint** (*mixed* $name) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Generate SQL to create a new savepoint

public  **releaseSavepoint** (*mixed* $name) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Generate SQL to release a savepoint

public  **rollbackSavepoint** (*mixed* $name) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Generate SQL to rollback a savepoint

final protected  **getSqlExpressionScalar** (*array* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve Column expressions

final protected  **getSqlExpressionObject** (*array* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve object expressions

final protected  **getSqlExpressionQualified** (*array* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve qualified expressions

final protected  **getSqlExpressionBinaryOperations** (*array* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve binary operations expressions

final protected  **getSqlExpressionUnaryOperations** (*array* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve unary operations expressions

final protected  **getSqlExpressionFunctionCall** (*array* $expression, *mixed* $escapeChar, [*mixed* $bindCounts]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve function calls

final protected  **getSqlExpressionList** (*array* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve Lists

final protected  **getSqlExpressionAll** (*array* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve *

final protected  **getSqlExpressionCastValue** (*array* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve CAST of values

final protected  **getSqlExpressionConvertValue** (*array* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve CONVERT of values encodings

final protected  **getSqlExpressionCase** (*array* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve CASE expressions

final protected  **getSqlExpressionFrom** (*mixed* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve a FROM clause

final protected  **getSqlExpressionJoins** (*mixed* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve a JOINs clause

final protected  **getSqlExpressionWhere** (*mixed* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve a WHERE clause

final protected  **getSqlExpressionGroupBy** (*mixed* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve a GROUP BY clause

final protected  **getSqlExpressionHaving** (*array* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve a HAVING clause

final protected  **getSqlExpressionOrderBy** (*mixed* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve an ORDER BY clause

final protected  **getSqlExpressionLimit** (*mixed* $expression, [*mixed* $escapeChar], [*mixed* $bindCounts]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Resolve a LIMIT clause

protected  **prepareColumnAlias** (*mixed* $qualified, [*mixed* $alias], [*mixed* $escapeChar]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Prepares column for this RDBMS

protected  **prepareTable** (*mixed* $table, [*mixed* $schema], [*mixed* $alias], [*mixed* $escapeChar]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Prepares table for this RDBMS

protected  **prepareQualified** (*mixed* $column, [*mixed* $domain], [*mixed* $escapeChar]) inherited from [Phalcon\Db\Dialect](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

Prepares qualified for this RDBMS

<hr />

# Interface **Phalcon\Db\DialectInterface**

<a href="https://github.com/phalcon/cphalcon/tree/v3.4.0/phalcon/db/dialectinterface.zep" class="btn btn-default btn-sm">Source on GitHub</a>

## Methods
abstract public  **limit** (*mixed* $sqlQuery, *mixed* $number)

...

abstract public  **forUpdate** (*mixed* $sqlQuery)

...

abstract public  **sharedLock** (*mixed* $sqlQuery)

...

abstract public  **select** (*array* $definition)

...

abstract public  **getColumnList** (*array* $columnList)

...

abstract public  **getColumnDefinition** ([Phalcon\Db\ColumnInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $column)

...

abstract public  **addColumn** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, [Phalcon\Db\ColumnInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $column)

...

abstract public  **modifyColumn** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, [Phalcon\Db\ColumnInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $column, [[Phalcon\Db\ColumnInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $currentColumn])

...

abstract public  **dropColumn** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, *mixed* $columnName)

...

abstract public  **addIndex** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, [Phalcon\Db\IndexInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $index)

...

abstract public  **dropIndex** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, *mixed* $indexName)

...

abstract public  **addPrimaryKey** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, [Phalcon\Db\IndexInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $index)

...

abstract public  **dropPrimaryKey** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName)

...

abstract public  **addForeignKey** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, [Phalcon\Db\ReferenceInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $reference)

...

abstract public  **dropForeignKey** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, *mixed* $referenceName)

...

abstract public  **createTable** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName, *array* $definition)

...

abstract public  **createView** (*mixed* $viewName, *array* $definition, [*mixed* $schemaName])

...

abstract public  **dropTable** (*mixed* $tableName, *mixed* $schemaName)

...

abstract public  **dropView** (*mixed* $viewName, [*mixed* $schemaName], [*mixed* $ifExists])

...

abstract public  **tableExists** (*mixed* $tableName, [*mixed* $schemaName])

...

abstract public  **viewExists** (*mixed* $viewName, [*mixed* $schemaName])

...

abstract public  **describeColumns** (*mixed* $table, [*mixed* $schema])

...

abstract public  **listTables** ([*mixed* $schemaName])

...

abstract public  **describeIndexes** (*mixed* $table, [*mixed* $schema])

...

abstract public  **describeReferences** (*mixed* $table, [*mixed* $schema])

...

abstract public  **tableOptions** (*mixed* $table, [*mixed* $schema])

...

abstract public  **supportsSavepoints** ()

...

abstract public  **supportsReleaseSavepoints** ()

...

abstract public  **createSavepoint** (*mixed* $name)

...

abstract public  **releaseSavepoint** (*mixed* $name)

...

abstract public  **rollbackSavepoint** (*mixed* $name)

...

<hr />

# Class **Phalcon\Db\Exception**

*extends* class [Phalcon\Exception](/3.4/api/phalcon_exception/)

*implements* [Throwable](https://php.net/manual/en/class.throwable.php)

<a href="https://github.com/phalcon/cphalcon/tree/v3.4.0/phalcon/db/exception.zep" class="btn btn-default btn-sm">Source on GitHub</a>

## Methods
final private [Exception](https://php.net/manual/en/class.exception.php) **__clone** () inherited from [Exception](https://php.net/manual/en/class.exception.php)

Clone the exception

public  **__construct** ([*mixed* $message], [*mixed* $code], [*mixed* $previous]) inherited from [Exception](https://php.net/manual/en/class.exception.php)

Exception constructor

public  **__wakeup** () inherited from [Exception](https://php.net/manual/en/class.exception.php)

...

final public *string* **getMessage** () inherited from [Exception](https://php.net/manual/en/class.exception.php)

Gets the Exception message

final public *int* **getCode** () inherited from [Exception](https://php.net/manual/en/class.exception.php)

Gets the Exception code

final public *string* **getFile** () inherited from [Exception](https://php.net/manual/en/class.exception.php)

Gets the file in which the exception occurred

final public *int* **getLine** () inherited from [Exception](https://php.net/manual/en/class.exception.php)

Gets the line in which the exception occurred

final public *array* **getTrace** () inherited from [Exception](https://php.net/manual/en/class.exception.php)

Gets the stack trace

final public [Exception](https://php.net/manual/en/class.exception.php) **getPrevious** () inherited from [Exception](https://php.net/manual/en/class.exception.php)

Returns previous Exception

final public [Exception](https://php.net/manual/en/class.exception.php) **getTraceAsString** () inherited from [Exception](https://php.net/manual/en/class.exception.php)

Gets the stack trace as a string

public *string* **__toString** () inherited from [Exception](https://php.net/manual/en/class.exception.php)

String representation of the exception

<hr />

# Class **Phalcon\Db\Index**

*implements* [Phalcon\Db\IndexInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

<a href="https://github.com/phalcon/cphalcon/tree/v3.4.0/phalcon/db/index.zep" class="btn btn-default btn-sm">Source on GitHub</a>

Allows to define indexes to be used on tables. Indexes are a common way
to enhance database performance. An index allows the database server to find
and retrieve specific rows much faster than it could do without an index

```php
<?php

// Define new unique index
$index_unique = new \Phalcon\Db\Index(
'column_UNIQUE',
[
    'column',
    'column'
],
'UNIQUE'
);

// Define new primary index
$index_primary = new \Phalcon\Db\Index(
'PRIMARY',
[
    'column'
]
);

// Add index to existing table
$connection->addIndex("robots", null, $index_unique);
$connection->addIndex("robots", null, $index_primary);

```

## Methods
public  **getName** ()

Index name

public  **getColumns** ()

Index columns

public  **getType** ()

Index type

public  **__construct** (*mixed* $name, *array* $columns, [*mixed* $type])

Phalcon\Db\Index constructor

public static  **__set_state** (*array* $data)

Restore a Phalcon\Db\Index object from export

<hr />

# Interface **Phalcon\Db\IndexInterface**

<a href="https://github.com/phalcon/cphalcon/tree/v3.4.0/phalcon/db/indexinterface.zep" class="btn btn-default btn-sm">Source on GitHub</a>

## Methods
abstract public  **getName** ()

...

abstract public  **getColumns** ()

...

abstract public  **getType** ()

...

abstract public static  **__set_state** (*array* $data)

...

<hr />

# Class **Phalcon\Db\Profiler**

<a href="https://github.com/phalcon/cphalcon/tree/v3.4.0/phalcon/db/profiler.zep" class="btn btn-default btn-sm">Source on GitHub</a>

Instances of Phalcon\Db can generate execution profiles
on SQL statements sent to the relational database. Profiled
information includes execution time in milliseconds.
This helps you to identify bottlenecks in your applications.

```php
<?php

$profiler = new \Phalcon\Db\Profiler();

// Set the connection profiler
$connection->setProfiler($profiler);

$sql = "SELECT buyer_name, quantity, product_name
FROM buyers LEFT JOIN products ON
buyers.pid=products.id";

// Execute a SQL statement
$connection->query($sql);

// Get the last profile in the profiler
$profile = $profiler->getLastProfile();

echo "SQL Statement: ", $profile->getSQLStatement(), "\n";
echo "Start Time: ", $profile->getInitialTime(), "\n";
echo "Final Time: ", $profile->getFinalTime(), "\n";
echo "Total Elapsed Time: ", $profile->getTotalElapsedSeconds(), "\n";

```

## Methods
public [Phalcon\Db\Profiler](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) **startProfile** (*string* $sqlStatement, [*mixed* $sqlVariables], [*mixed* $sqlBindTypes])

Starts the profile of a SQL sentence

public  **stopProfile** ()

Stops the active profile

public  **getNumberTotalStatements** ()

Returns the total number of SQL statements processed

public  **getTotalElapsedSeconds** ()

Returns the total time in seconds spent by the profiles

public  **getProfiles** ()

Returns all the processed profiles

public  **reset** ()

Resets the profiler, cleaning up all the profiles

public  **getLastProfile** ()

Returns the last profile executed in the profiler

<hr />

# Class **Phalcon\Db\Profiler\Item**

<a href="https://github.com/phalcon/cphalcon/tree/v3.4.0/phalcon/db/profiler/item.zep" class="btn btn-default btn-sm">Source on GitHub</a>

This class identifies each profile in a Phalcon\Db\Profiler

## Methods
public  **setSqlStatement** (*mixed* $sqlStatement)

SQL statement related to the profile

public  **getSqlStatement** ()

SQL statement related to the profile

public  **setSqlVariables** (*array* $sqlVariables)

SQL variables related to the profile

public  **getSqlVariables** ()

SQL variables related to the profile

public  **setSqlBindTypes** (*array* $sqlBindTypes)

SQL bind types related to the profile

public  **getSqlBindTypes** ()

SQL bind types related to the profile

public  **setInitialTime** (*mixed* $initialTime)

Timestamp when the profile started

public  **getInitialTime** ()

Timestamp when the profile started

public  **setFinalTime** (*mixed* $finalTime)

Timestamp when the profile ended

public  **getFinalTime** ()

Timestamp when the profile ended

public  **getTotalElapsedSeconds** ()

Returns the total time in seconds spent by the profile

<hr />

# Class **Phalcon\Db\RawValue**

<a href="https://github.com/phalcon/cphalcon/tree/v3.4.0/phalcon/db/rawvalue.zep" class="btn btn-default btn-sm">Source on GitHub</a>

This class allows to insert/update raw data without quoting or formatting.

The next example shows how to use the MySQL now() function as a field value.

```php
<?php

$subscriber = new Subscribers();

$subscriber->email     = "andres@phalcon.io";
$subscriber->createdAt = new \Phalcon\Db\RawValue("now()");

$subscriber->save();

```

## Methods
public  **getValue** ()

Raw value without quoting or formatting

public  **__toString** ()

Raw value without quoting or formatting

public  **__construct** (*mixed* $value)

Phalcon\Db\RawValue constructor

<hr />

# Class **Phalcon\Db\Reference**

*implements* [Phalcon\Db\ReferenceInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

<a href="https://github.com/phalcon/cphalcon/tree/v3.4.0/phalcon/db/reference.zep" class="btn btn-default btn-sm">Source on GitHub</a>

Allows to define reference constraints on tables

```php
<?php

$reference = new \Phalcon\Db\Reference(
"field_fk",
[
    "referencedSchema"  => "invoicing",
    "referencedTable"   => "products",
    "columns"           => [
        "product_type",
        "product_code",
    ],
    "referencedColumns" => [
        "type",
        "code",
    ],
]
);

```

## Methods
public  **getName** ()

Constraint name

public  **getSchemaName** ()

...

public  **getReferencedSchema** ()

...

public  **getReferencedTable** ()

Referenced Table

public  **getColumns** ()

Local reference columns

public  **getReferencedColumns** ()

Referenced Columns

public  **getOnDelete** ()

ON DELETE

public  **getOnUpdate** ()

ON UPDATE

public  **__construct** (*mixed* $name, *array* $definition)

Phalcon\Db\Reference constructor

public static  **__set_state** (*array* $data)

Restore a Phalcon\Db\Reference object from export

<hr />

# Interface **Phalcon\Db\ReferenceInterface**

<a href="https://github.com/phalcon/cphalcon/tree/v3.4.0/phalcon/db/referenceinterface.zep" class="btn btn-default btn-sm">Source on GitHub</a>

## Methods
abstract public  **getName** ()

...

abstract public  **getSchemaName** ()

...

abstract public  **getReferencedSchema** ()

...

abstract public  **getColumns** ()

...

abstract public  **getReferencedTable** ()

...

abstract public  **getReferencedColumns** ()

...

abstract public  **getOnDelete** ()

...

abstract public  **getOnUpdate** ()

...

abstract public static  **__set_state** (*array* $data)

...

<hr />

# Class **Phalcon\Db\Result\Pdo**

*implements* [Phalcon\Db\ResultInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/)

<a href="https://github.com/phalcon/cphalcon/tree/v3.4.0/phalcon/db/result/pdo.zep" class="btn btn-default btn-sm">Source on GitHub</a>

Encapsulates the resultset internals

```php
<?php

$result = $connection->query("SELECT * FROM robots ORDER BY name");

$result->setFetchMode(
\Phalcon\Db::FETCH_NUM
);

while ($robot = $result->fetchArray()) {
print_r($robot);
}

```

## Methods
public  **__construct** ([Phalcon\Db\AdapterInterface](/3.4/api/phalcon_db/) $connection, [PDOStatement](https://php.net/manual/en/class.pdostatement.php) $result, [*string* $sqlStatement], [*array* $bindParams], [*array* $bindTypes])

Phalcon\Db\Result\Pdo constructor

public  **execute** ()

Allows to execute the statement again. Some database systems don't support scrollable cursors,
So, as cursors are forward only, we need to execute the cursor again to fetch rows from the begining

public  **fetch** ([*mixed* $fetchStyle], [*mixed* $cursorOrientation], [*mixed* $cursorOffset])

Fetches an array/object of strings that corresponds to the fetched row, or FALSE if there are no more rows.
This method is affected by the active fetch flag set using Phalcon\Db\Result\Pdo::setFetchMode

```php
<?php

$result = $connection->query("SELECT * FROM robots ORDER BY name");

$result->setFetchMode(
\Phalcon\Db::FETCH_OBJ
);

while ($robot = $result->fetch()) {
echo $robot->name;
}

```

public  **fetchArray** ()

Returns an array of strings that corresponds to the fetched row, or FALSE if there are no more rows.
This method is affected by the active fetch flag set using Phalcon\Db\Result\Pdo::setFetchMode

```php
<?php

$result = $connection->query("SELECT * FROM robots ORDER BY name");

$result->setFetchMode(
\Phalcon\Db::FETCH_NUM
);

while ($robot = result->fetchArray()) {
print_r($robot);
}

```

public  **fetchAll** ([*mixed* $fetchStyle], [*mixed* $fetchArgument], [*mixed* $ctorArgs])

Returns an array of arrays containing all the records in the result
This method is affected by the active fetch flag set using Phalcon\Db\Result\Pdo::setFetchMode

```php
<?php

$result = $connection->query(
"SELECT * FROM robots ORDER BY name"
);

$robots = $result->fetchAll();

```

public  **numRows** ()

Gets number of rows returned by a resultset

```php
<?php

$result = $connection->query(
"SELECT * FROM robots ORDER BY name"
);

echo "There are ", $result->numRows(), " rows in the resultset";

```

public  **dataSeek** (*mixed* $number)

Moves internal resultset cursor to another position letting us to fetch a certain row

```php
<?php

$result = $connection->query(
"SELECT * FROM robots ORDER BY name"
);

// Move to third row on result
$result->dataSeek(2);

// Fetch third row
$row = $result->fetch();

```

public  **setFetchMode** (*mixed* $fetchMode, [*mixed* $colNoOrClassNameOrObject], [*mixed* $ctorargs])

Changes the fetching mode affecting Phalcon\Db\Result\Pdo::fetch()

```php
<?php

// Return array with integer indexes
$result->setFetchMode(
\Phalcon\Db::FETCH_NUM
);

// Return associative array without integer indexes
$result->setFetchMode(
\Phalcon\Db::FETCH_ASSOC
);

// Return associative array together with integer indexes
$result->setFetchMode(
\Phalcon\Db::FETCH_BOTH
);

// Return an object
$result->setFetchMode(
\Phalcon\Db::FETCH_OBJ
);

```

public  **getInternalResult** ()

Gets the internal PDO result object

<hr />

# Interface **Phalcon\Db\ResultInterface**

<a href="https://github.com/phalcon/cphalcon/tree/v3.4.0/phalcon/db/resultinterface.zep" class="btn btn-default btn-sm">Source on GitHub</a>

## Methods
abstract public  **execute** ()

...

abstract public  **fetch** ()

...

abstract public  **fetchArray** ()

...

abstract public  **fetchAll** ()

...

abstract public  **numRows** ()

...

abstract public  **dataSeek** (*mixed* $number)

...

abstract public  **setFetchMode** (*mixed* $fetchMode)

...

abstract public  **getInternalResult** ()

...

Source: https://docs.phalcon.io/3.4/api/phalcon_db/index.mdx